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THE CIVIL WAR 1861 - 1865 I. Early Events A. “Bleeding Kansas” (1856) “Free Soilers” competed with “Ruffians” to control Kansas. In response to an attack on abolitionists, John Brown led raids on pro-slavery settlements killing five men. John Brown became the face of abolition to slave supporters & a wanted man. I. Early Events B. Election of 1856 Candidates: Democrat – James Buchanan of Pennsylvania Republican – John C. Fremont Despite Buchanan’s victory, Fremont’s campaign slogan “Free Speech, Free Soil, & Fremont” & the tight race showed the increased support for abolishing slavery. I. Early Events C. Dred Scott Decision (1857) Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right to sue for his freedom, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and that Congress had no right to exclude slavery from the territories. The Supreme Court’s decision defended slavery & intensified the slavery debate rather than end the slavery controversy. BAD MOON RISING New York Tribune: “We are not one people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people for Slavery. Between the two, conflict is inevitable”. I. Early Events D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) A series of debates between Illinois senator Stephen Douglas & Republican challenger Abraham Lincoln brought the controversy of slavery national. Despite his defeat, Lincoln used his belief that “. . . A house divided against itself cannot stand” to challenge the unchecked extension of slavery granted by the Dred Scott decision. These debates established Abraham Lincoln as a legitimate Republican candidate for President. VS. I. Early Events E. Raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859) John Brown believed that only through insurrection could the “slave-cursed Republic be restored to the principles of the Declaration of Independence”. Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in an attempt to incite a slave uprising in the south. The failure of this raid caused many to consider violence the only option to solve the slavery crisis. THE IMPENDING CRISIS "I...am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." - John Brown prior to his execution II. Immediate Causes A. Election of 1860 This election signified the “sectional” differences that existed in our country at this time. Political Party Candidate Position on Slavery Republican Northern Democrats Southern Democrats Lincoln Douglas Breckinridge Constitutional Union Bell No slavery in territories Popular Soveirgnty Supported Dred Scott Decision Save the Union Abraham Lincoln won the election, which directly leads to southern leaders decision to secede from the Union. II. Immediate Causes B. End of the Union (1860-1861) On December 20, 1860 South Carolina became the first of many southern states to secede from the Union. Despite the absence of a popular consensus, by the end of 1861 eleven southern states had seceded from the Union. The Confederate States of America was formed with Jefferson Davis serving as President. II. Immediate Causes C. Attack on Fort Sumter (1861) At 4:30 am, on April 12, 1861 Confederate forces led by Gen. Pierre Beauregard fired on Fort Sumter & forced federal troops led by Major Robert Anderson to surrender. The battle lasted for 33 hours, yet no fatalities occurred. The Civil War 1861 - 1865 Underlying Causes, Advantages & War Strategies III. Underlying Causes A. Differences in Lifestyles North vs. South Urban vs. Rural Industrial vs. Plantation Federal Rights vs. State Rights III. Underlying Causes B. Sectionalism Each section of the nation were only looking out for its own interest. C. Slavery How to decide the issue of slavery? IV. Advantages A. Union (North) More Population & States 21 million to 7 million, 24 to 11 More Manufacturing Capacity & Access to Food. Better Transportation More Money More Ships to Blockade the South Slaves Sympathized with the North IV. Advantages B. Confederacy (South) Home Field Advantage Allowed the Confederacy to fight a defensive war More Capable Army Officers Foreign Assistance Countries such as Great Britain & France would be more willing to aid the Confederacy because of their dependence on King Cotton V. War Strategies A. Union (North) – Goals: Blockade the Southern coastline to cut off supplies to the Confederacy. Split the Confederacy in two by taking control of the Mississippi River & capture interior railroads. Capture the Confederate capital of Richmond & join Union forces moving east from the Mississippi. V. War Strategies B. Confederacy (South) – Goals: Fight a defensive war so that a war-weary Union would agree to Confederate peace terms. Two exceptions: Capture the Union capital Washington D.C. Strike northward through the Shenandoah Valley through Maryland & Pennsylvania, which would split the Northeast from the Midwest & disrupt lines of communication. Civil War 1861 - 1865 Changes in the North & South during the Civil War VI. Changes in the North A. Raising An Army Two million soldiers served in the Union forces. Troops were recruited through volunteer enlistments, then a conscription act was passed & later a bounty system was established. VI. Changes in the North B. Raising Northern Finances Morrill Tariff Act (1861) – raised import duties an average of 25%. National Banking Act (1863) – provided for the sale of war bonds Income Tax – first tax on national wages. Greenbacks – new paper money. VI. Changes in the North C. Economic Expansion Manufacturers increased factory production, which resulted in some profiteering. Labor saving machines & inventions were patented: Sewing & Shoemaking Machines Canned Foods & Camera Agricultural Expansion – more food was produced using new farm machinery. Growth of Railroads – Government subsidies helped pay for new rails. Canned Food Camera VI. Changes in the North D. Political Problems Great Britain sold warships to the Confederacy to try to break the Union Blockade. Copperheads – a radical wing of the Democratic Party, led by Clement Vallandigham, opposed Union efforts in the North & South. Women in the War – some women provided needed medical services on the battlefields such as Clara Barton the founder of the American Red Cross. Freedman in the Union Army - were first excluded from enlisting, but later served yet they were still discriminated against. Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led one of the first official black units on an assault of Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Their courage & bravery encouraged other African-American enlistments on the Union side. Their story is depicted in the film “Glory”. VII. Changes in the South A. Raising an Army The confederates first allowed enlistments, but then went to conscription. B. Raising Southern Finances Money was raised through Confederate War Bonds. More than one billion in bank notes were printed. VII. Changes in the South C. Southern Industry Factories in the confederacy could not supply the needs of the army or civilians. The northern blockade proved to be very effective D. Agriculture & Transportation There was enough food production & labor to work the farms & plantations to supply the army. The biggest problem was lack of transportation as there were too few rail lines & a lack of adequate railroad equipment. VII. Changes in the South E. Political Problems Many southerners insisted on the principle of states’ rights on such issues as conscription. When President Davis suspended the writ of habeas corpus, South Carolina threatened to secede from the confederacy. The Civil War 1861-1865 Events of the Civil War VII. Early Land Battles A. First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) Hopes for a quick northern victory were dashed as the Confederates led by Gen. Joseph Johnston & Gen. Pierre Beauregard defeated General Irvin McDowell & the Union Army in August 1862. Why two different names for the same battle? VII. Early Land Battles B. Battle of Antietam (1862) Union Gen. George B. McClellan defeated Gen. Robert E. Lee in the bloodiest single day of the war, but Lincoln dismissed McClellan for not pursuing Lee. Lincoln’s Major Goal “If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” - President Abraham Lincoln August 1862 IX. Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 A. After the Union victory at Antietam, President Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation as a propaganda tactic. B. On January 1, 1863 the Proclamation freed the slaves of the rebel states as a war measure & an “act of justice”, but it only became official with the adoption of the 13th Amendment in 1865. IX. Major Sea Battles A. Battle at Hampton Roads, Virginia USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia – the Northern Ironclad Monitor held off the former USS Merrimack, which ended Confederate attempts to break the Union blockade – March 1862. B. Battle of New Orleans Capt. David Farragut & Union Gunboats captured the city along the Mississippi, which split the confederacy in two – April 1862. USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia X. Later Events (1863 – 1865) A. Battle of Gettysburg Union Gen. George Meade defeated Gen. Robert E. Lee in the last major offensive in the North – July 1863. This battle proved to be the turning point of the war in the Union’s favor. X. Later Events (1863 – 1865) B. Gettysburg Address In this historic address, President Lincoln dedicated the battlefield to all the soldiers that fought there. Why did Lincoln dedicate the battlefield to all soldiers? X. Later Events (1863 – 1865) C. Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi Gen. Ulysses S. Grant forced a Confederate surrender at Vicksburg giving the North complete control of river traffic in the Mississippi River – July 1863. X. Later Events (1863 – 1865) D. Battle of Chattanooga, Tennessee Tennessee was cleared of Confederates, which opened Sherman’s invasion of Georgia – November 1863. Lincoln rewarded Grant by naming him General-InChief of the Union Army. X. Later Events (1863 – 1865) E. Election of 1864 Lincoln is re-elected with a new running mate Andrew Johnson F. Sherman’s March to the Sea Gen. William T. Sherman burned Atlanta, then marched to Savannah using the scorched-earth policy. Sherman’s Total War "We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.“ - Gen. Sherman justifying his actions Results of the War Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on April 9, 1865. The Confederacy was defeated & the nation was reunited. Slavery ended & one million lives were lost or wounded