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1775- 1783 • Primary source of American soldiers who died in Lexington and Concord. 1. Fighting Begins in the North Redcoat Continental Army Soldier President was John Hancock Section 1: Fighting Begins Vocabulary This is the document in which the Second Continental Congress & John Dickenson : 1) declared loyalty to the King- BUT 2) Repeal The Intolerable Acts • Open ports in Boston • Allow town meetings • Repeal Quartering Act • Officials charged with crimes could still be tried in England. 3) END FIGHTING • colonists who favored war against Britain were Weapons • Bayonets Musket British Characteristics Colonial Characteristic Powerful Nation Had control of little gunpowder & few cannons Strong navy used to blockade and move troops No navy 3,000 miles from home Excellent leadership Risked attack as they marched out of cities into country side Fighting to defend homes and property Had not received formal training Individual militias did not want to work together 2 months for supplies and fresh troops to arrive Army was disciplined Hessian troops were hired In Jan. 1776 – Cont. Army surprised and defeated the Br. 2. Ethan Allen led Gen. Howe retreats troops in the secret to Canada attack of Fort Ticonderoga Desperate Times • Massachusetts Battle of Bunker Hill • The first major battle of the American Revolution Although Americans lost, it proved that they were brave and would not be easily • The first major defeated battle of the American Revolution • Won by the British • 1,000 Redcoats Killed • 400 Americans killed Bunker Hill To block • George III ordered the blockade of all American ports. These were soldiers hired from Germany to help the British Army. These men were called Hessians Preparing for War Common Sense traitor In this pamphlet Thomas Paine told the colonist to break free from England One who betrays his or her country Declaration of July 4, 1776- written by T. Jefferson Independence John Hancock signed it first Preamble Introduction Natural Rights Rights that belong to all people from birth III. Congress Acts • Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced a resolution in favor of Independence • Making the break was dangerous =Traitors • Committee: John Adams, Franklin, T.J., Livingston, Sherman Best writer III. Declaration of Independence • Preamble Part 1: Basic Rights- Inalienable Rights Part 2: List of Wrongs- Taxes (Grievances) Part 3: Colonies declare Independence (USA) IV. Nation Divided Loyalist Patriots Loyal to the king More in the South Were tarred and feathered Many fled to England Lost property Wanted independence Radicals and moderates Tories Loyalists Patriots Undecided 1/3 1/3 1/3 Section 3: Struggle in the Middle States I. Introduction- Most early battles took place in New Eng. II. Darkest Days occurred in Middle States. II. Battle of New York- August 1776 A. Howe had 34,000 troops & 10,000 sailors Washington had 20,000 poorly trained soldiers & no navy B. Battle of L.I-1,400 American killed, wounded C. Washington – retreated by crossing the Delaware >> N.J. >> PA. D. Nathan Hale, a young officer, was used as a spy and hanged by British soldiers. III. Needed Victories • Crossing the Delaware to N. Jersey • Washington surprises hessian troops at the Battle of Trenton on Dec. 26 1776: Hessian population at 8:00 A.M. – 1,046 Hessian population at 9:00 A.M. – 0 • Br. Gen. Cornwallis wants retake his fort. But was tricked by Washington with campfires left burning. Cornwallis was surprised and defeated. Washington crosses the Delaware River. • In July 1777, British plan- cut off New England from the rest of the colonies • Br. Wanted to take control of NY and the Hudson River and stop the flow of goods to other colonies. VII. Americans get help from Overseas AFTER the victory at Saratoga. Why? • Foreign countries realized that Americans actually had a chance to WIN!!! • Spain joined the Americans • France becomes and ally and declares war on Britain- gives military and naval support • 1777- Baron Von Steuben helped train troops with bayonets After the victory at Saratoga •During 1777-1778 •Washington and his army faced terrible conditions in PA. •Soldiers suffered from frostbite and disease. “I am sick-discontented-and out of humor. Poor food-hard lodging-cold weather-fatigue-nasty Clothes-nasty cookery…a pox on my bad luck! There comes a bowl of beef soup, full of burnt leaves and dirt. …Away with it, boys- I’ll live like the chameleon upon. Army Surgeon, Dr. Waldo 12/14/1777 Valley Forge, PA The British Plan of 1777 • Burgoyne Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler Surrender at Saratoga At the start of the war General George Washington did not want African Americans to fight in the military. Washington changed his tune once he heard that the British were offering FREEDOM for those slaves who served the king. By the late 1770’s 5,000 African-Americans fought for the Continental Army Other Battlefronts • John Paul Jones captured British ships • South Carolina; major victory for the Continental Army • Bloodiest of the War • Daniel Morgan • Used guerilla warfare Section 5: Winning the war in the South • October 19, 1781 8,000 British troops under Lord Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown, Virginia. Treaty of Paris 1783…Again • Florida was returned to Spain • United States was recognized as an independent nation Now you need a government: The first constitution was called the Articles of Confederation It eventually failed because it had NO court system. Northwest Ordinance: Stated that in order to establish a new state the territory had to have: 1. NO SLAVERY 2. 60,000 free settlers 3. Settlers had to pay $640.00 for 1 square mile Video Quiz