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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences January 31 Lecture 43 1 Office Hour Invitations January 31, 11:30-2:30, Kenny 3102 18682112 26131102 32595126 36821114 45383122 46156105 48178107 2 A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 3 Sexuality and Education: 1. Are there sex differences in sexual behaviour? (continued) 2. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? 3. Do males and females perform similarly in school? 4 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review evidence for female erotic plasticity. 2. discuss explanations for and criticisms of female erotic plasticity. 3. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual satisfaction and dysfunction. 5 4. discuss the relationship between gender equality and sexual satisfaction among females and males. 5. describe contemporary trends in educational attainment for the sexes. 6 Are there sex differences in sexual behaviour? (continued) In addition to research related to sociocultural factors, Baumeister (2000) cites a second line of research to support his argument that females are higher in erotic plasticity than males: 7 2. Research has shown that females exhibit greater intra-individual variation in sexuality across time than males. Females report increases in masturbation across the lifespan; males report no change in masturbation across the lifespan. More females than males describe themselves as bisexual. 8 Among couples who choose to “swing,” females adapt more quickly than males. Lesbians (72%) are more likely than gay males (45%) to have had a “meaningful heterosexual relationship.” More lesbians (31%) than gay males (18%) indicate that their sexual orientation was a choice. In prisons, more females (50%) than males (30%) engage in consensual same-sex sexual activity. 9 • How can we explain the higher levels of erotic plasticity reported among females than males? • What are some criticisms of Baumeister’s theory? 10 Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? • Research suggests small sex differences in sexual satisfaction: d=.17 (Peterson & Hyde, 2010). 11 • Laumann et al. (2006) assessed sexual satisfaction among 27,000 participants in 29 countries (e.g., Algeria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, US). Found that sexual satisfaction is greater in cultures with gender-equal regimes than “male-centered” regimes: 12 Percentage of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Gender-Equal Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) 80 Percentage 70 60 Women Men 50 40 30 20 Physical Satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 13 Percentage of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Male-Centered Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) 80 Percentage 70 60 Women Men 50 40 30 20 Physical Satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 14 • How can we explain the higher levels of sexual satisfaction in cultures with gender-equal regimes than cultures with male-centered regimes? • More females (43%) than males (31%) report experiencing sexual dysfunction (Laumann et al., 1999). 15 • Among the most common sexual dysfunctions are (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010; Laumann et al., 1999): Females: low sexual desire (22%); sexual arousal problems (14%); sexual pain (7%); orgasmic disorder (10-25%). Males: low sexual desire (5%); premature ejaculation (21%); erectile dysfunction (5%). 16 Do males and females perform similarly in school? • Prior to the 1980s, males outperformed females in school. Today, however, females outperform males in school: 17 High School Grade Point Average by Sex, 19902005 (US Department of Education, 2007) GPA 3.2 3.1 3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 Female Male 1990 1994 1998 2000 2005 18 High School Drop Out Rates by Sex, 1990-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2005) 210 190 Thousands 170 150 Female Male 130 110 90 70 50 1990 1995 2000 2005 19 University Enrollment by Sex, 2004-2008 (Statistics Canada, 2009) 700 500 Female Male 400 300 20 06 /2 00 7 20 07 /2 00 8 200 20 04 /2 00 5 20 05 /2 00 6 Thousands 600 20 Number of Undergraduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008) 100 90 Thousands 80 70 Female Male 60 50 40 30 20 1995 2000 2005 21 Thousands Number of Graduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)* 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Female Male 1995 2000 2005 * Master’s and doctorate degrees combined; more females than males earn master’s degrees; more males than females earn doctorate degrees. 22 Percentage with University Degree Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds in the Labour Force with a University Degree by Sex, 1981-2001 (Statistics Canada, 2007) 35 30 25 20 Female Male 15 10 5 0 1981 1991 2001 23 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review evidence for female erotic plasticity. 2. discuss explanations for and criticisms of female erotic plasticity. 3. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual satisfaction and dysfunction. 24 4. discuss the relationship between gender equality and sexual satisfaction among females and males. 5. describe contemporary trends in educational attainment for the sexes. 25