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Psychology 320:
Gender Psychology
Lecture 43
1
Sexuality and Education:
1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?
2. Do males and females perform similarly in school?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual
satisfaction.
2. explain how gender equality, age, marital status, and
“quality of life” are related to sexual satisfaction.
3. describe contemporary trends in educational
attainment for the sexes.
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Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?
• Research suggests small sex differences in sexual
satisfaction:
Peterson and Hyde’s (2010) meta-analysis: d=.17.
• Laumann et al. (2006) found that sexual satisfaction
is higher in cultures with gender-equal regimes than
“male-centered” regimes
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Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction
in their Sexual Relationships:
Gender-Equal Regimes
(Laumann et al., 2006)
80
Percentage
70
60
Women
Men
50
40
30
20
Physical
Satisfaction
Emotional
Satisfaction
5
Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction
in their Sexual Relationships:
Male-Centered Regimes
(Laumann et al., 2006)
80
Percentage
70
60
Women
Men
50
40
30
20
Physical
Satisfaction
Emotional
Satisfaction
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• More females (43%) than males (31%) report
experiencing sexual dysfunction (Laumann et al., 1999).
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• Among the most common sexual dysfunctions are
(Etaugh & Bridges, 2010; Laumann et al., 1999):
Females: low sexual desire (22%); sexual arousal
problems (14%); sexual pain (7%); orgasmic disorder
(10-25%).
Males: low sexual desire (5%); premature ejaculation
(21%); erectile dysfunction (5%).
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• Laumann et al. (1999) noted the following correlates
of sexual dysfunction:
1. Age: For females, prevalence decreases with age;
for males, prevalence increases with age.
2. Marital status: Prevalence is higher among
unmarried individuals (e.g., never married, divorced,
widowed) than married individuals.
3. Social status: Prevalence is higher among individuals
of relatively low socioeconomic status.
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4. “Quality of life”: Individuals with sexual dysfunction
report lower levels of physical satisfaction, emotional
satisfaction, and general happiness than individuals
without sexual dysfunction.
The quality of life of females is more strongly affected
by sexual dysfunction than the quality of life of males.
Males who experience premature ejaculation do not
report reduced quality of life.
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Do males and females perform similarly in school?
• Prior to the 1980s, males outperformed females in
school. Today, however, females outperform males in
school.
• This conclusion is evidenced by several lines of
evidence:
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High School Grade Point Average by Sex, 19902005 (US Department of Education, 2007)
GPA
3.2
3.1
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
Female
Male
1990
1994
1998
2000
2005
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High School Drop Out Rates by Sex, 1990-2005
(Statistics Canada, 2005)
210
190
Thousands
170
150
Female
Male
130
110
90
70
50
1990
1995
2000
2005
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University Enrollment by Sex, 2004-2008
(Statistics Canada, 2009)
700
500
Female
Male
400
300
20
06
/2
00
7
20
07
/2
00
8
200
20
04
/2
00
5
20
05
/2
00
6
Thousands
600
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Number of Undergraduate Degrees Granted by
Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)
100
90
Thousands
80
70
Female
Male
60
50
40
30
20
1995
2000
2005
15
Thousands
Number of Graduate Degrees Granted by Sex,
1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)*
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Female
Male
1995
2000
2005
* Master’s and doctorate degrees combined; more females than males
earn master’s degrees; more males than females earn doctorate degrees.
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Percentage with University Degree
Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds in the Labour Force
with a University Degree by Sex, 1981-2001
(Statistics Canada, 2007)
35
30
25
20
Female
Male
15
10
5
0
1981
1991
2001
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Percentage with University Degree
Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds with a University
Degree by Sex and Ethnicity, 1971-2006
(US Department of Education, 2007)
18
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• Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are more important
predictors of educational attainment than sex.
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Major Field of Study, Age 15 and Older, by Sex
(Statistics Canada, 2001)
Major Field of Study
Number of Females
(Thousands)
Number of Males
(Thousands)
Education, recreational and counselling services
528
233
Fine and applied arts
77
41
Humanities
285
201
Social sciences
394
336
Agricultural, biological, nutritional and food sciences
107
97
Health professions
281
135
Commerce, management and business
administration
321
427
Applied science technologies and trades
3
9
Engineering and applied sciences
71
394
Mathematics, computer and physical sciences
109
229
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• Although females outperform males in school, males
perform similarly to females on standardized tests:
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 Programme for International Student Assessment
Test, 2006, 15-year-olds (Statistics Canada, 2006)
Reading: F > M (33 points).
Science: M = F (general; “using scientific evidence”); M
> F (“explaining phenomena scientifically,” 17 points);
F > M (“identifying scientific issues,” 14 points).
Math: M > F (14 points).
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 National Assessment of Education Progress, 2008,
17-year olds (US Department of Education, 2009)
Reading: F > M (11 points)
Math: M > F (6 points)
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• The finding that females outperform males in school
has led a number of writers to argue that there is a
“boy crisis” in the school system:
Lewin (1998): How boys lost out to girl power.
Kindlon & Thompson (1999): Raising cain: Protecting
the emotional life of boys.
Sommers (2000): The war against boys.
Basow (2008): Gender socialization, or how long a way
has baby come?
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• In response to this argument, other writers have
argued that male performance has not decreased over
the years; rather, female performance has increased
more dramatically than male performance.
“The real story is not bad news about boys doing
worse; it’s good news about girls doing better” (Mead,
2006).
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Sexuality and Education:
1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?
2. Do males and females perform similarly in school?
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