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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 43 1 Sexuality and Education: 1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? 2. Do males and females perform similarly in school? 2 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual satisfaction. 2. explain how gender equality, age, marital status, and “quality of life” are related to sexual satisfaction. 3. describe contemporary trends in educational attainment for the sexes. 3 Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? • Research suggests small sex differences in sexual satisfaction: Peterson and Hyde’s (2010) meta-analysis: d=.17. • Laumann et al. (2006) found that sexual satisfaction is higher in cultures with gender-equal regimes than “male-centered” regimes 4 Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Gender-Equal Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) 80 Percentage 70 60 Women Men 50 40 30 20 Physical Satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 5 Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Male-Centered Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) 80 Percentage 70 60 Women Men 50 40 30 20 Physical Satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 6 • More females (43%) than males (31%) report experiencing sexual dysfunction (Laumann et al., 1999). 7 • Among the most common sexual dysfunctions are (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010; Laumann et al., 1999): Females: low sexual desire (22%); sexual arousal problems (14%); sexual pain (7%); orgasmic disorder (10-25%). Males: low sexual desire (5%); premature ejaculation (21%); erectile dysfunction (5%). 8 • Laumann et al. (1999) noted the following correlates of sexual dysfunction: 1. Age: For females, prevalence decreases with age; for males, prevalence increases with age. 2. Marital status: Prevalence is higher among unmarried individuals (e.g., never married, divorced, widowed) than married individuals. 3. Social status: Prevalence is higher among individuals of relatively low socioeconomic status. 9 4. “Quality of life”: Individuals with sexual dysfunction report lower levels of physical satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, and general happiness than individuals without sexual dysfunction. The quality of life of females is more strongly affected by sexual dysfunction than the quality of life of males. Males who experience premature ejaculation do not report reduced quality of life. 10 Do males and females perform similarly in school? • Prior to the 1980s, males outperformed females in school. Today, however, females outperform males in school. • This conclusion is evidenced by several lines of evidence: 11 High School Grade Point Average by Sex, 19902005 (US Department of Education, 2007) GPA 3.2 3.1 3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 Female Male 1990 1994 1998 2000 2005 12 High School Drop Out Rates by Sex, 1990-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2005) 210 190 Thousands 170 150 Female Male 130 110 90 70 50 1990 1995 2000 2005 13 University Enrollment by Sex, 2004-2008 (Statistics Canada, 2009) 700 500 Female Male 400 300 20 06 /2 00 7 20 07 /2 00 8 200 20 04 /2 00 5 20 05 /2 00 6 Thousands 600 14 Number of Undergraduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008) 100 90 Thousands 80 70 Female Male 60 50 40 30 20 1995 2000 2005 15 Thousands Number of Graduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)* 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Female Male 1995 2000 2005 * Master’s and doctorate degrees combined; more females than males earn master’s degrees; more males than females earn doctorate degrees. 16 Percentage with University Degree Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds in the Labour Force with a University Degree by Sex, 1981-2001 (Statistics Canada, 2007) 35 30 25 20 Female Male 15 10 5 0 1981 1991 2001 17 Percentage with University Degree Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds with a University Degree by Sex and Ethnicity, 1971-2006 (US Department of Education, 2007) 18 10 • Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are more important predictors of educational attainment than sex. 19 Major Field of Study, Age 15 and Older, by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2001) Major Field of Study Number of Females (Thousands) Number of Males (Thousands) Education, recreational and counselling services 528 233 Fine and applied arts 77 41 Humanities 285 201 Social sciences 394 336 Agricultural, biological, nutritional and food sciences 107 97 Health professions 281 135 Commerce, management and business administration 321 427 Applied science technologies and trades 3 9 Engineering and applied sciences 71 394 Mathematics, computer and physical sciences 109 229 20 • Although females outperform males in school, males perform similarly to females on standardized tests: 21 Programme for International Student Assessment Test, 2006, 15-year-olds (Statistics Canada, 2006) Reading: F > M (33 points). Science: M = F (general; “using scientific evidence”); M > F (“explaining phenomena scientifically,” 17 points); F > M (“identifying scientific issues,” 14 points). Math: M > F (14 points). 22 National Assessment of Education Progress, 2008, 17-year olds (US Department of Education, 2009) Reading: F > M (11 points) Math: M > F (6 points) 23 • The finding that females outperform males in school has led a number of writers to argue that there is a “boy crisis” in the school system: Lewin (1998): How boys lost out to girl power. Kindlon & Thompson (1999): Raising cain: Protecting the emotional life of boys. Sommers (2000): The war against boys. Basow (2008): Gender socialization, or how long a way has baby come? 24 • In response to this argument, other writers have argued that male performance has not decreased over the years; rather, female performance has increased more dramatically than male performance. “The real story is not bad news about boys doing worse; it’s good news about girls doing better” (Mead, 2006). 25 Sexuality and Education: 1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? 2. Do males and females perform similarly in school? 26