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The Scramble for Africa THE “DARK” CONTINENT • “Dark Continent” – racist terminology referred to both the peoples of Africa and their alleged ignorance • In reality, Africa has always had diverse groups of people with their own unique cultures and histories – Civilizations – Languages – Religions GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA • Continent – not a country • Continent is three times larger than Europe • Northern Africa – desert • Mid-to-southern Africa – diverse climates and topography FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA • Greeks controlled Egypt after conquest by Alexander the Great – Ptolemaic dynasty • Romans ruled all areas along the Mediterranean coastline, including northern Africa – Mediterranean – “Roman lake” • Arab traders converted many Africans to Islam from the 7th century • Source of slaves for the Americas from the 17th century • But little foreign interest in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA • Mid-1800s • Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) • Scottish missionary • 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa – Explored Africa • Named Lake Victoria after the British queen – Converted many Africans to Christianity – Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest • 1871 – reported “lost” – “Found” by Henry Stanley – “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904) • Welsh-American reporter • “Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa – “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” • Explored Africa – Congo River – Lake Tanganyika – Lake Victoria • Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company – International African Society KARL PETERS (1856-1918) • German explorer in Africa • Organized and propagandized for Germany’s colonial expansion – Founded the Society for German Colonization • Acquired German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) • Convinced Otto von Bismarck to take over German East Africa and increase Germany’s colonies in Africa CECIL RHODES (1853-1902) • British businessman and politician in southern Africa • Made a fortune from African diamond mines • Established South African Company – Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896) – Wanted British control over South Africa – Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad • Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa – Great Britain became leading colonial power in southern Africa CECIL RHODES (1853-1902) KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909) • Took over land in central Africa • Berlin Conference (1885) – Leopold’s control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers • Belgian Congo (1908) – Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo – Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian government – Renamed Belgian Congo • Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa” – Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA • 1815 – British took Cape Colony from the Dutch – Boers moved north • Transvaal – 1886 – gold discovered and British moved in – 1881 and 1895 – British attempted to take Transvaal from the Boers • Orange Free State • Boer War (1899-1892) – Dutch led by President Paul Kruger – British won UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA • Created in 1910 • Included Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Natal, and Transvaal • Self-government BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA • Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) – Named for Cecil Rhodes – North of Union of South Africa • Bechuanaland (now Botswana) – 1885 – became a British protectorate • Kenya – 1888 – became a British protectorate BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA • Egypt – in name ruled by Ottoman Turks, but largely independent • European capital investments – Suez Canal opened in 1869 • Built by the Egyptians and French • Taken over by the British (1875) – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli » Bought shares in Suez Canal Company from Egypt • Egypt was nearly bankrupt from the expense of building the Suez Canal » British government became largest shareholder EUROPEANS IN EGYPT • 1870s – with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the British and French took over financial control of the country – Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled as puppet leaders • 1882 – Egyptian nationalist rebellion – France withdrew its troops – Great Britain left in control of Egypt • Lord Cromer introduced reforms – De facto British protectorate • Made official in 1914 • Independence came in 1922 BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA • Sudan – – – – Area south of Egypt Under Anglo-Egyptian control Cotton needed for British textile mills Entente Cordiale (1904) • Great Britain controlled Sudan • France controlled Morocco • Cape-to-Cairo Railroad – Idea of Cecil Rhodes – Would secure Great Britain’s dominance in Africa – Never completed – sections missing through modern Sudan and Uganda Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls FRENCH IN AFRICA • Algeria – 1830 – invasion – 1831 – annexation • Tunis – 1881 – controlled by France • Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany • Morocco – 1881 – large part under French control – 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war between France and Germany • 1906 – Algeciras Conference – Germany recognized French rights in Morocco • 1911 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognized French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo FRENCH IN AFRICA • Madagascar – 1896 – controlled by France • Somaliland – 1880s – partly under French control • West Africa – Late 1800s – largely under French control • Sudan – 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to war – Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa FRENCH IN AFRICA • By World War I – 1914 – France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa • 14 times the area of France – France ruled 30,000,000 Africans • 75% of the population of France GERMANS IN AFRICA • Togoland (now Togo and Ghana) • Cameroons (now Cameroon and Nigeria) • Southwest Africa (now Namibia) • East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania) ITALIANS IN AFRICA • 1882-1896 – Eritrea (along the Red Sea) – Somaliland (along the Indian Ocean, part of today’s Somalia) • 1896 – Defeated in attempt to conquer Abyssinia (Ethiopia) • 1912 – Won Tripoli from Ottoman Turks BELGIANS IN AFRICA • 1908 – Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State) from King Leopold II – Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo • Congo Free State (today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) – 80 times the size of Belgium – Source of uranium PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA • Under “old imperialism” Portugal gained African territory and led the early trans-Atlantic African slave trade • Angola • Mozambique Portuguese territory in Africa, 1810 SPANISH IN AFRICA • Spain had very few possessions in Africa • Tip of Morocco • Rio de Oro • Rio Muni The British in India • 1600 British traders established the East India Company—became the richest & most powerful trading companies in the world • By 1857 the East India Company controlled most of India • British considered India the brightest “jewel in the crown” • Sepoy Rebellion—1857- sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against the British – British put down the revolt within a year The British in India • After the Sepoy Mutiny, the British government took formal control of India and abolished the East India Company. • India officially became a British possession. • Queen Victoria of England became the Queen Empress of India. Victoria The Sun Never Set on the British Empire England Jamaica Egypt Canada India Impact of British Rule • Government: The British government provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. They provided jobs, increased educational opportunities, and introduced English as a unifying language. Impact of British Rule • Economic: The British built roads, bridges and railroads and set up telegraph wires. However, India’s cottage industries, in which products were made by people in their homes, were hurt by competition with British manufactured goods. Impact of British Rule • Health: The British build hospitals, introduced new medicines and provided famine relief. At the same time, health care improvements led to a population explosion without a similar increase in economic opportunities. Impact of British Rule • Social: Indians were looked down upon by the British and their culture was treated as inferior to European Culture. Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor—working for longhours, often under terrible conditions. Imperialism in China • Prior to the 1800’s China was isolated from the world under the control of powerful emperors. • By the 1830’s—China lacked the military technology it needed to oppose Western Imperialism • Western Nations were interested in China – Huge population offered potential markets for European manufactured goods – Valuable raw materials Imperialism in China • 1800s- British merchants broke China’s trade barriers—in exchange for tea, silk, and porcelain the merchants smuggled in opium Imperialism in China • 1839—Opium War —Chinese tried to stop the smuggling of opium – British easily defeat them b/c the Chinese had ancient weapons – 1842—Treaty of Nanjing—unequal treaty; China lost many rights • Granted British $$ for war losses and Hong Kong Imperialism in China • 1890s—European powers, and Japanese, claimed sections of China as spheres of influence = areas where they had exclusive trading rights China • 1899—Open Door Policy = U.S. created it to open Chinese trade to all nations • China attempted to modernize the country • Boxer Rebellion = peasants who upper class and foreigners set siege on European section of Beijing for months// Europeans soldiers finally defeated them (le to strong sense of nationalism—resist foreign intervention) • The Revolution of 1911 —the Chinese who desired for modern, independent republic rebelled against the Qi dynasty and won U.S.A. Germany Britain Russia France Austria Japan China Italy Modernization of Japan • Japan began trading in 1853 when American Matthew C. Perry sailed into Japan (signed Treaty of Kanagawa b/c of what had happened in China) • 1870s Japan began to industrialize = modernized their currency system; built telegraph networks, railroads, and port facilities • By 1914 Japan was one of the world’s leading industria nations • Aided Korea in a war w/ China; Korea won & Japan gained partial control of their trade • After Japan won a war with Russia in 1910, Japan Matthew C. Perry “It seems to be wise from time to time to make new laws…If your imperial Majesty were so far to change the ancient laws as to allow free trade between the two countries, it would be extremely beneficial to both…” ~ President Millard Fillmore (letter that Perry delivered to Japan) Treaty of Kanagawa Latin America • By the 1800s most of the Latin American countries had gained independence, but they feared that Europe would try to reconquer them. • United State defeated Spain in the Spanish American war. – US acquired the colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines – Cuba independent but under US influence Latin America • United States builds the Panama Canal to have easier access between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. • 10 years to build • On the basis of the Monroe Doctrine(1823—stated that the Americas were NOT to be colonized by Europe – Presidents sent armed forces to intervene in the Caribbean area. – Roosevelt Corollary made the US an international police power in the Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine AFRICANS IN AFRICA • By the time of the First World War (1914) – Only 2 independent African countries • Abyssinia (Ethiopia) – Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the 13th century – Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974 – Home to Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church (strongly tied to Egyptian Coptic Church) • Liberia – Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the United States government REVIEW QUESTIONS Must be in Complete Sentences 1. Define Imperialism 2. What led to the “Scramble for Africa”? 3. Which European nations controlled the most land in Africa? 4. Who led British imperialism in Africa? 5. Which African nations were left independent at the time of World War I?