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Chapter 17 notes
Italian Renaissance
• The Renaissance first began in Italy due to Italy’s
many city-states and urban/ commercial
environment
• Focus on return of the classics (Roman and Greek
models) instead of older medieval ones –
Humanism
• Renaissance themes beyond just art and
literature…got into politics and commerce too
Renaissance Art
• The art of the
• Art was also a product of
Renaissance owed much
the educational system:
to the social system in
principles of the craft
which artists lived
and guild
• Wealth of cities
• Renaissance artists had
permitted for public
to solve problem of
works of art, which was
perspective and threecommissioned by
dimensionality. They
corporate sources to
returned to classical
show their power. Later
ideas, realism, nude
it was used on individual
figures, and expression
level to show rich
in the face
(newly)
• The artist was
• Disposable wealth (non
considered a free
critical personal funds)
intellectual worker and
led to interest in
was respected and
portraiture
rewarded.
Crucifixion
1335
Example of Middle Ages
Art
Museo
ThyssenBornemisza, Madrid
Problems with
perspective and 3-D
The Engagement
of Virgin Mary)
Example of
Renaissance Art
Raphael
1504
Great Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo (sculpture)
David, Sistine Chapel, Pieta
Leonardo da Vinci
(painting)
Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Sandro Botticeli (painting)
Birth of Venus, Spring
Brunelleschi (architecture)
Florence Cathedral
Donatello (sculpture)
Judith Slaying Holofernes
Masaccio (painting)
Expulsion of Adam and Eve
Raphael (painting)
The Engagement of Virgin
Mary)
Explain the differences in artwork between the two periods…why is it
different??? Explain what was going on socially and politically
during the Renaissance to cause this and how it is represented in the
later bust.
ANTELAMI, Benedetto
DONATELLO
•
August
c. 1200
Bust of
1430s
Niccolo
da
Uzzano
Art
• Renaissance art reflected
society. It took old ideas
and mixed them with
new techniques. The
artists did more than
simply adorn buildings
and celebrate their
society…their work
expressed the ideals of
that society: they
emphasized learning and
knowledge, the here and
now, and humanity
David
1504
MICHELANGELO
Intellectual Hallmarks
• Individualism: stressed
personality, uniqueness,
genius, and full
development of one’s
capabilities and talents.
Leon Battista Alberti
(1404-1474) “Men can do
all things if they will”
• Humanism: revival of
antiquity (Greece/Rome).
Humanists studied the
Latin classics to learn what
they reveal about human
nature. Humanism
emphasized human beings,
their achievements,
interests, and capabilities.
• Humanists placed
importance on grammar,
rhetoric, moral philosophy,
and history. Focused on 2
major philosophers-Plato
and Aristotle. Philology or
the study of the origins of
words was central to a
humanist like Lorenzo
Valla who proved the
Donation of Constantine
was a forgery
• Secularism: involves a
basic concern with the
material world instead of
with the eternal world of
the spirit
Works
• Leon Battista Alberti
(1404-1474)- On the
Family: classic study of
new urban values-thrift
and prudence
• Baldesar Castiglione
(1478-1529)-The
Courtier: an etiquette
book that prescribed
every detail of the
education necessary for
the ideal state servant
• Francesco Petrarch
(1304-1374): important
figure in literary
humanism
• Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527): The Prince:
blueprint to realistic,
modern power politics.
Explores how a ruler
should gain, maintain,
and increase power. It is
better to be feared than
loved. A ruler should
also be concerned with
the way things are NOW
not the way things ought
to be. Machiavellian:
entered the language as a
synonym for politically
devious, corrupt, and
crafty.
Advances in Technology
• 1454 Printing Press:
Johann Gutenberg,
Johann Fust, and Peter
Schoffer (movable type
and use of paper instead
of vellum (calfskin) and
parchment (sheepskin)technology came from
China
• Improved pulleys and
pumps in mines
• Mechanical clockderived from the sundial
allowed Europeans to
divide up the working
day into hours and
allowed for a set work
day
• Literacy in Europe
improved due to the
printing press
• Family structure changedEuropean style family:
later marriage, nuclear
family of parents and
children instead of
extended families
• Wanted to limited births so
most people didn’t marry
in Europe in the 16th
century until their late 20’s
• Husband and wife
relationship more
important
• Importance on property
and most couldn’t marry
until they had some
Northern Renaissance
• 1500 the Renaissance moved north (France, Low
countries, HRE, England, and even Hungary and Poland).
This is because Italy began to decline (some internal
problems) and artists had traveled from northern Europe to
Italy to study with the masters…now they were coming
back home bringing the new skills with them
• The Italian economy suffered to due internal fighting and
the loss of importance of the Mediterranean sea ports once
the Atlantic trade routes were established
• Christian humanists- they tried to blend secular interest
with Christian devotion
• Great northern Renaissance writers set classics of the
western literature: Shakespeare in England, Rabelais in
France, and Cervantes in Spain
• Renaissance kings became patrons of the arts and
continued to extend their powers and their states
•
http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=en&tl=es&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF8&u=www.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8ibbhS5dlCA%E2%80%8E
Don Quixote
Wars of Italy
• 1454: five powers signed
the Treaty of Lodi, which
established two balanced
alliances (Florence and
Milan and Venice and
Naples). They and the
Papal States pledged
mutual non-aggression
• However, the larger
states began gobbling up
their smaller neighbors
• At the same time the
Ottomans defeated the
Byzantines and
threatened Italy,
especially Venetian trade
• 1494-1529 Wars of Italy:
Naples, Florence, and
Papal States united
against Milan. Milan
called upon the French
for help and under
Charles VIII the French
invaded the peninsula in
1494. France swept
through Italy. Next,
Venice and the Papal
States called upon King
Ferdinand of Aragon
and the Holy Roman
Emperor for help. Italy
became a battleground
for European war.
• Italian Wars: Francis I
of France, Charles V of
Spain, Henry VIII of
England
• France unhappy with
Spain for conquering
Navarre and gaining all
of Naples (Italian citystate)
• Charles V of Spain
wanted control of Milan
because of its strategic
placement between his
Austrian and
Burgundian possessions
• Henry VIII of England
longed to reconquer
France and split up the
state and hungered for
some war action
Dynastic Struggle
• 1525 Battle of Pavia:
France fell and Francis I
was captured
• 1520 Field of Cloth of
Gold
• Treaty of Madrid in
1526: Francis I
recognized Spain’s
conquest of Navarre,
Naples, and yielded
Burgundy: sealed by the
marriage Francis I to
Charles V’s sister…his
children were held as
collateral for 3 years in
Spain to ensure the
treaty was upheld
Dynastic Struggle
• Francis I renounced
Treaty of Madrid: began
seeking new allies.
Henry VIII went to his
side because of lack of
spoils he saw from
Charles V. Most
importantly he entered
into an alliance with the
Ottoman sultan
(Magnificent).
Ottomans pushed
against Holy Roman
Empire threatening
Vienna (eastern most
capital of Charles).
Charles V became the
hunted.
• War continued for 60
years: Treaty of CateauCambresis 1559 ended
conflict
• France and Spain both
declared bankruptcy:
France left in shambles
in the financial
department. Spain split
up by Charles V on his
deathbed between his
brother (Ferdinand IAustria and German
lands) and son (Philip IIlow countries, Spain,
New World, Naples,
Italian conquests)
REFORMATION
• 3 general disorders: clerical
immorality, clerical
ignorance, and clerical
pluralism
• Priest accepted a vow of
celibacy, yet many (esp.
rural) priests had
concubines
• Also some priest partook in
drunkenness, gambling, and
fancy dress (mendicantstake vows of poverty)
• Education level of priests
were shockingly low-many
couldn’t read or write and
probably couldn’t
understand the Latin words
they were saying at Mass
Problems
• Simony-buying an office or
position in the Church
• Nepotism-means favoring
relatives or personal friends
because of their relationship
rather than because of their
abilities
• Pluralism-an abuse in the
higher ranks: One would hold
several benefices (offices)
simultaneously. Hired a poor
priest to fulfill duties and let
the money flow in. Sometimes
these individuals never even
set foot in their ChurchesAntoine du Prat entered his
cathedral for the first time in
his own funeral!
Popes 1450-1550
• Pius II (1458-1464):
• Julius II (1503-1513):
wrote love stories
personally led papal
• Sixtus IV (1471-1484):
troops against French
concerned with
invaders in Italy in
beautifying the city of
Rome-built Sistine
1506
Chapel
• Leo X (son of Lorenzo
• Innocent VIII (1484de’ Medici) (15131492): made papal court
1521) patron of the
model for luxury and
arts
scandal
• Alexander VI (Rodrigo
Borgia)( 1492-1503):
publicly acknowledge his
mistress and children
•
•
•
•
Spark of Reform
As religious demands for
reform grew, so did
demands for traditional
religious services
One short cut invented by
the Church was the sale of
indulgences, which replaced
confession and penance with
a monetary contribution
papacy claimed a monopoly
on the sale of indulgences
through licensed agents
Other indulgences were
licensed locally, usually at
the shrines of saints or at
churches that contained
relics
• 1517 the Pope approved
Prince Albert of
Brandenburg to sell
indulgences to fund the
rebuilding of St. Peter's
Basilica in Rome
(Germany)
• Johann Tetzel was hired
to preach of its benefits
• Enthusiasm spread to
neighboring Saxony,
where Frederick III
didn’t like the
competition-housed one
of the largest relic
collections at Wittenberg
Castle
Saint Peter's
Basilica
•
•
•
This was in part a
competition between two
German lords in possession
of relics suitable for the
indulgence business. Into
the dispute stepped Martin
Luther
The night before the
Wittenberg Castle was to
be opened, Martin Luther
posted on the door of the
castle his Ninety-five
Theses attacking
indulgences and their sale
People began buying these
indulgences left and right,
however one without
contrition (regret) was
worthless
• Luther’s work was
translated into German
and spread throughout
the Holy Roman Empire
• It was supported by
Christian humanists, but
not by the Pope or
Prince Albert who
needed the income
• Luther was very bright
young man who was
trained for a career in
law, but decided instead
to devote himself to
religion becoming a
professor of theology in
1512 at Wittenberg and
a priest at the local castle
church
Martin Luther
•
Luther’s fundamental
beliefs:
1) Justification, or salvation,
came only from faith, not
good works. (sola fide)
2) All that anyone needed to
know concerning religion
could be found in the
Bible, the sole authority
for all spiritual matters.
(sola scriptura)
3) All men and women who
had achieved faith were
on an equal footing, and
no man or woman could
hold supernatural powers
over another
• Luther intended the theses
for academic debate
• Luther denied the
infallibility of the pope and
general council
• Papacy responded by
writing a letter
condemning some of
Luther’s propositions,
ordered his books be
burnt, and gave him 2
months to recant or be
excommunicated
• Charles V (H.R.E.) then
summoned his first diet
(assembly) and ordered
Luther to appear before
the Diet of Worms
Reformation
•
•
In response, the pope
excommunicated Luther in
1521. Under external
military and political
pressures, neither pope nor
emperor was free to
dispose of Luther as they
wished. In addition, the
electoral prince of Saxony
offered Luther protection
within his domain
The reformer became an
effective pamphleteer,
publishing many works
that were distributed
throughout Europe
•
•
•
Luther's work was
supported by German
princes and the cities
To the princes of the
fragmented territories of
Germany, Luther's
religion offered an
opportunity to free
themselves from papal
taxation and interference
Independent imperial
cities support Luther, who
stressed the superiority of
civil power over the
Church and gave the city
governments access to
Church properties
Protestant Reformation
•
•
In the Swiss towns,
• Eucharist-communion:
Luther's reforms were
Lutherradicalized. The leader
consubstantiation-belief
of the movement was
that after consecration
Huldrych Zwingli of
the bread and wine
Zurich
undergo a spiritual
change whereby Christ
Zwingli adopted the
is really present, but the
three foundation beliefs
bread a wine are not
of Lutheranism. He
transformed as in the
departed from Luther
Catholic version
in reducing the
Eucharist as something • John Calvin- body and
done in remembrance
blood of Christ are
of Christ's sacrifice
spiritually but not
rather than a literal
physically present in the
reenactment of the
bread and wine, and
sacrifice
they are consumed
spiritually
•
•
•
Sixteenth century Geneva
successfully freed itself
from the rule of both the
Catholic Church and the
duke of Savoy
As a director for the
newly accepted
Protestantism, Geneva
turned to John Calvin, a
French lawyer and the
author of The Institutes of
the Christian Religion
Calvin's theology differed
from Luther's primarily
in the emphasis he placed
on the doctrine of
predestination—the
belief that only some are
predestined from the
moment of creation for
salvation
Reformation
Calvin’s Church Structure
Pastors-preached
Doctors-studied and wrote
Deacons-laymen to oversee
social welfare programshospitals and etc.
Elders-govern in all
moral matters
Under the Elders prostitutes
were expelled from Geneva
Structure became the basis for
reforms throughout the
Continent-spread
•
•
English Reformation
The catalyst for the
English Reformation was
Henry VIII's need for a
divorce. Without male
heirs, Henry wanted to rid
himself of his wife,
Catherine of Aragon, and
marry Anne Boleyn
(pregnant.)
Catherine had given birth
to 6 children, but only
Mary survived. Catherine
was married first to
Henry’s older brother and
as such special permission
was needed for Henry to
marry Catherine from the
pope
English Reformation
•
•
•
•
•
•
English Reformation
came due to a political
crisis known as the
“King’s Great Matter”
Unfortunately, Anne
Boleyn gave birth to a
daughter (Elizabeth)
Anne was later
convicted of adultery
and beheaded
Boleyn and Cromwell
sponsored Lutheran
reform
In the reign of Edward
VI, further reforms
were initiated
•
The Anglican church
adopted the Zwinglian
interpretation of the
Eucharist, services were
conducted in English
rather than Latin, and
the priesthood was
converted to a
Protestant ministry.
With the reforms,
Catholics remaining in
England began to be
persecuted
Under Mary I,
Catholicism was
temporarily restored as
the official religion in
England
• Edward VI rule was
conducted by a regency
council because he was
really too young.
• During his lifetime the
Anglican Church was
solidified. Thomas
Cromwell became the
Archbishop of Canterbury
• At age 15 he died and left
England in a crisis over
succession
• Edward attempted to
block his half-sisters
from coming to power
• This was protested and
Mary I (Tudor) came
to power
English Reformation
•
Under Mary's successor,
Elizabeth I, the Anglican
church was brought back
to Protestantism
1509: King
Mary born
1533 marries
Boleyn1529 Break with Elizabeth born
Church
1527 asks
pope to end
marriage
1540-42 Henry
divorces 4th wife and
beheads 5th
1536 Anne 1537 3rd
beheaded
wife has
son,
Edward,
and dies
1547
Henry
diesEdward
VI rules
1558Elizabeth I
restores
Protestant
Church
1553Catholic
Mary I
rules
Catherine of Aragon
m. 1509 - 1533
Divorced
Anne of Cleves
m. 1540 Jan. - July
Divorced
Anne Boleyn
m. 1533 - 1536
Executed
Kathryn Howard
m. 1540 - 1542
Executed
Jane Seymour
m. 1536 - 1537
Died
Katherine Parr
m. 1543 1547
Widowed
Reformation
• Scotland: monarchs
opposed reform,
however John Knox was
able to persuade Scottish
parliament to enact
legislation ending papal
authority-began the
Presbyterian Church
(presbyters or ministers
governed it)
• Ireland-English forced
the split from papal
authority in the English
controlled Irish
parliament. Many Irish
defiantly remained
Catholic and went
underground
•
•
•
Catholic Reformation
Saint Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556): soldier
who dedicated his life
to religion. Spent
period of time denying
himself food and sleep
and this resulted in
great enlightenment
Loyola discovered the
spiritual discipline
necessary for Christian
devotion. He recorded
his methodology in The
Spiritual Exercises
1540 papacy recognized
Loyola’s brotherhood:
Society of Jesus
(Jesuits)
•
•
The Jesuits became the
principal arm of
Catholic evangelism.
Jesuits served as
missionaries in the
Orient and in the
colonies and wilderness
of the New World
Jesuits reflected the
Catholic Church's
desire to confront
Protestantism
aggressively: “soldiers
of God”
Counter-Reformation
• Movement started in the
1540’s as a reaction to
the rise and spread of
Protestantism
• Catholics had to stop the
“infection”
• Reform was slow:
preoccupation with
political affairs in Italy
(Catholic monarchs were
enemies {Francis I and
Charles V}), papal
authority did not want to
lose power, prestige, or
revenue, and the
bureaucracy of the
Roman curia was
complicated
•
•
•
The Council of Trent
(1545–1563) was called
by Pope Paul III to
reform the Church.
Achievements: dealt with
both doctrinal and
disciplinary mattersreaffirmed
transubstantiation,
tackled discipline,could
not sell indulgences,
suppressed pluralism and
simony, could not have
concubines
In the Treaty of Augsburg
of 1555, the emperor
granted the princes of
Germany the right to
determine religious
orthodoxy
End of Christian Unity in the
West
French Monarchy
Francis I
(1517-1547)
Henry II
(1547-1559)
married Catherine de Medicis
children
Francis II
(1559-1560)
married Mary Stuart
Queen of Scots
Charles IX
(1560-1574)
Mother-Catherine ruled
as regent
Henry III
(1574-1589)
Henry IV
(1589-1610)
of Navarre
convert to Catholicism
Only after Calvin developed his Church in Geneva did
Protestantism spread to France
By 1560 2000 Protestant congregations were present in
France-nearly 10% of the French population
French Wars of Religion
• Henry II was married to
Catherine de Medicis
• He died in a jousting
tournament and his son
Francis II took over the
throne in 1559
• Francis II was married to
Mary Stuart Queen of
Scots
• Francis II allowed Mary to
influence his reign
• They allowed the Guise
family to dominate the
state and excluded their
rivals. The Guise family
controlled the military and
Church
• Mary’s mother was a
Guise and she had been
sent to live in France
when she was about 6
years old
• Guises uncovered a plot
by the Protestants to
remove the king
• Targeted Protestants to
kill, but unfortunately
Francis II died before he
could carry out the attack
and the Guise’s lost power
French Wars of Religion
• New king Charles IX
(1560-1574) was only 10
when he ascended to the
throne. His mother ruled
as his regent
• protestants raised armies
and in 1562 civil war
erupted
• Catherine wanted peace
because war weakened the
state, but the Guise family
wanted to suppress
Protestantism and
eliminate Protestant
influence at court
• Willing to undertake this
task without the king’s
support
• Protestants fled the court
• Henry of Navarre was
next in line for succession
and he was a protestant!
• Huguenots wanted the
right to practice their
religion, preach, and
nobility wanted their right
in government
French Wars of Religion
• Catholic leaders
encouraged the slaughter
of Huguenot
congregations and openly
panned the murder of
Huguenot leaders
• Huguenots imported
Swiss and German
mercenaries to fight in
France
• Saint Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre:
• Marriage between
Catherine’s daughter and
Henry of Navarre (attempt
at reconciliation)
• Protestant leaders from all
over France arrived for the
wedding
• Guise's saw this as a
golden opportunity
• If leading Huguenots
could be assassinated in
Paris the Protestant cause
may collapse and the truce
of the marriage would fail
French Wars of Religion
• Saint Bartholomew was
the apostle that Jesus
described as the man
without guile and its was
on his feast day that the
Huguenots who had come
to celebrate Henry of
Navarre’s wedding were
slaughtered
• On August 24, 1572 the
streets of Paris RAN RED
with Huguenot BLOOD!!
• Henry and a number of
other important Protestant
were able to flee-so not
the most effective
slaughter
• In the following weeks
the carnage spread
from Paris to the
countryside
• Until the French
Revolution no even in
French history would
evoke as much passion
as the massacre
French Wars of Religion
• Henry III did not produce
a male heir and after
Anjou’s death (next in
line) the Huguenot Henry
of Navarre would inherit
the throne of France
• 1585 civil war-war of the
three Henry’s (Henry III,
Henry Guise, and Henry
of Navarre)
• Paris and Catholic towns
controlled by the Catholic
League vs. Protestant
strongholds controlled by
Henry N.
• 1588 Henry III summoned
Henry Guise and his
brother to meet and they
were murdered by the
kings orders
• Paris rioted and Henry III
forced to flee
• Henry III made a deal
with Henry of Navarre and
they besieged Paris
• Only the arrival of a
Spanish army prevented
Paris from falling
• 1589 Catherine de
Medicis died and Henry
III was assassinated
French Wars of Religion
• Henry of Navarre-king
• Catholic League proclaimed
rival Catholic as king and the
pope excommunicated
Henry of Navarre and
absolved France from loyalty
to him
• Henry becomes Catholic
“Paris is worth a mass”
• Made conversion public in
1594 and crowned Henry IV
• Gained loyalty because
many were exhausted from
fighting and Henry IV paid
the nobles money for their
allegiance and to return to
their estates
•1598 Edict of Nantes-was
signed by Henry IV granting
limited toleration to
Huguenots: 1 king, 2 faiths
•In spite of this sporadic
fighting continued-survived
18 assassination attempts,
before being killed in 1610
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
1618-1648
Philip II’s conflict with Netherlands:
Dutch (Protestant) state develops
France and Spain’s dynastic conflicts
Growing Protestant states in eastern
Europe: Sweden and Denmark
Thirty Years War
• Holy Roman Empire is
divided into many small
kingdoms ruled by
independent kings. There is
an overall Emperor that
controls the empire and
wages war when any part
of the empire is threatened.
They are stronger together
than independently!
Charles V was an emperor
and after he died he split
the Spanish empire
between his son, Philip II
who got Spain, the
Americas, the Netherlands,
and parts of Italy and his
brother Ferdinand who got
the HRE
• The territory of Bohemia/
Hungry was under the
control of a powerful
family who were also the
Holy Roman Emperors
• Ferdinand was to become
the king of Bohemia and
Hungary as well as take
over as the Holy Roman
Emperor after Mathias
died.
• Ferdinand was known for
his diligence as a Catholic.
He was a Jesuit who was
strongly against
Protestants…he would burn
their books and drive out
preachers
Thirty Years War
• Protestant nobles did not
want Ferdinand to come to
power. Therefore, they
placed strong limits on his
political and religious
powers, which he agreed
to
• However, once in power,
Ferdinand did not live up
to agreement
• Protestants seized control
of throne and deposed
Ferdinand: Frederick V
new leader (Protestant)
• Holy Roman Emperor dies
and Ferdinand succeeds
him: Ferdinand II
• As soon as he became the
Emperor, Ferdinand
declared war on Frederick
V (wanted Bohemian
crown)
• Battle of White Mountain
1620: Frederick V driven
out of Bohemia and
Ferdinand becomes king
again and he drives
Protestants out!
• Ferdinand then decides
that all of the Holy Roman
Empire (HRE) should be
Catholic and moves to
way war against all
Protestants!
• Allies: Holy Roman
Empire and Spain vs.
France, England, Sweden,
Denmark, Holland
• Catholics successful
against the Protestants at
first but…
• Turning point in war:
Magdeburg in 1631:
captured and burnt by
imperial forces: Destruction
set new standards of cruelty:
30,000 people slaughtered,
tortured to death.
Magdeburg became a
unifying symbol for
Protestants and Adolphus
(King of Sweden)
• Many Protestant states send
troops after this event
• Peace of Westphalia:
series of agreements the
established the outlines of
the political geography of
Europe
• German rulers were given
independence over their
states. The imperial Diet,
rather than emperor was
empowered: thus
weakening the emperor
• Europe left in a state of
shambles: population loss,
Plague resurfaced, famine
common, and economies
destroyed by years of
warfare
Frederick V of
Bohemia
Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden
Philip III of Spain
English Civil War in 1640’s
• Elizabeth died and James I took the throne. He
was Scottish so many had a prejudice against him.
He had to appeal to Parliament in order to gain
money for much needed conflicts, however,
Parliament wanted something in return: more
political rights
• Charles I was the son of James and was the next
monarch of England. He tried very hard not to rely
on Parliament and actually many times went
around them in order to raise money for his
personal support and other objectives. He revived
ancient taxes like the Ship Tax (every port had to
pay for its own merchant ship and fit it for war).
He also revived other taxes to support him. He
revived these taxes without the support of
Parliament…he never even called them into
session to confirm the new taxes!
Problem
• Charles I wanted to achieve some religious reforms so under his
archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, a new prayer book was
introduced. In England it did well, but this was not the case in
Scotland. The people rioted over the new prayer books and even threw
a stool a Laud’s head. Charles I saw this as open rebellion for as his
father James stated “Any attack on the Churches structure is an attack
up on the king”
• Charles began raising forces to suppress the Scots, however the
Scottish were more determined to preserve their religious freedoms.
By the end of 1640 a Scottish army had successfully invaded England.
• Poor Charles need $ to fight off the Scottish and had to ask Parliament
to approve the funds! He summoned them in 1640
• Long Parliament: 13 years Parliament set in session. They didn’t see
any reason to approve the taxes since many of them felt that the
religious innovations of Laud should be resisted. Also, they weren’t
going to approve anything under Charles I agreed to some political
reforms making sure Parliament would regularly have a session, agree
upon due process, and abolish the feudal taxes
• The Parliament then tried and executed Charles’ chief political advisor
and imprisoned Laud!
Problem
• Charles thought that after he defeated the Scots
that he could bargain for his powers back from
Parliament
• However, it soon became clear that Parliament had
no intention of giving Charles the much needed
funds and in fact Parliament was negotiating
directly with Scotland. This way they could really
squeeze the king!
• In 1641 Charles attempted to arrest the leading
members of Parliament, but failed. He left the city
with his family and in 1642 declared that the
leaders of Parliament were rebels and traitors to
the state of England and hence the civil war
began!
Parliamentarians
Parliamentarians
Goals
Royalists
Royalists
fighting to defend
their religion
Goals
Fighting to
defend their
monarch
Fighting to
defend their
Church
Fighting to
defend social
stability
fighting to defend
their liberties
fighting to defend
rule of law
English Civil War
• After 3 years of
fighting Parliament
had King in captivity,
ended bishops, and
established the
Presbyterian church
• Only thing necessary
to end the civil war
was a treaty
• Charles I did not
intend on ending his
power
• Parliament needed him
despite their successes
• Growing problem with
unpaid soldiers outside
of capital
English Civil War
• Army enters the war in • New fighting breaks
out from royalists and
1647
is crushed by army
• Kidnaps the King and
(Cromwell/ Fairfax)
demands payment and
• Army demand trial
legal protection
for Charles I
• Occupy the city
• All those in
• Civil war now a
Parliament who
refused were kicked
military revolution
out of the house
English Civil War
• Rump Parliament:
body left that agreed
with army
• King brought before
the public in a trial
• Charles I executed in
1649
• England declared a
commonwealth
• 1653 Rump
Parliament disbanded.
Cromwell is leader of
the revolutionary
government
• Instrument of
Government created
to help Cromwell rule
(freely elected: Council
of State)
English Civil War
• Cromwell known as
the Lord Protector
• Government in which
authority resided in
Parliament
• After death his son
was proposed to be the
next Lord Protector
• Son did not hold
movement together
and army again
intervened
• Army: dismissed
Parliament and called
for the restoration of
the monarchy
• Charles II comes to
the throne
Effects English Civil War
• Parliament was now a
permanent part of civil
government
• Royal powers of
taxation and religion
curtailed
• England was now a
reformed Protestant
state
• Absolute monarchy
was now a
constitutional
monarchy
Glorious Revolution
• 1685 James II comes
to the throne
• Catholic
• Promotes Catholics
into powerful
positions in the
military and
government
• Tried to pack
Parliament with his
supporters
• Ruling classes
intervened
• Ruling classes
negotiate with
William of Orange.
He invades and James
flees
Glorious Revolution
• William and Mary
Stuart become the new
monarchs of England
• Before they could
claim the throne they
had to agree with new
reforms
• Declaration of Rights:
1698
• Reasserted the
principles of
constitutional
monarchy
• Toleration act: 1698:
granted religious
freedom
• Was a peaceful
revolution and hence
the name
Commercial Revolution-16
th
• Economic structure
changed in Western
Europe: trade rose, new
goods from the New
World, and new markets
• Price inflation b/c of
massive bullion important
from Latin America drove
up prices…demand also
increased and production
could not keep up with
demand
• Trade companies
(monopolies) rose up out
of this time back by
government to take
advantage of the market
Century
• Banking improved to keep
up with merchant
demands
• Colonial markets
stimulated manufacturing
• Agricultural specialties
produced from regions:
wine, cheese, wool
• Commercial farming
developed
• Manufacturing was
created due to
technological innovations
• Overall, prosperity
increased for all in
Western Europe
Social Protest
• Manufacturing and
commercialization led to
some who simply did not
have access to wealth. They
were forced to toil or labor
for little money while prices
continued to rise and
populations increased. These
people were referred to as
the “have nots” or the
proletariat
• 1640’s riots around Europe
dealing with taxation:
Nu Pied (barefooted) French
peasants revolt (salt)
Palermo, Italy (bread)
Catalonia (started as peasant revolt
against Spain(tax/ soldiers)
became a provincial revolt
against state
• People began to question
why so few had so much and
so many suffered harsh lives
with little
• As population increased
and pressure was place on
land (parcels getting
smaller) people turned to
manufacturing as way to
make extra money
• Cottage industry develops:
textiles
As farms got smaller,
families looked for was to
supplement their income.
Did this by turning raw
materials into a
goods…sold by
entrepreneurs
Putting-out System
• Material was put out to homes of workers where
the manufacturing took place
• The manufactured goods were then sold in the
market
• Poor quality goods were economic losses for
entrepreneurs because they could not sell them
and lost their investment in the raw materials
• The system mobilized the resources of the rural
labor force for commercial production of large
quantities of manufactured goods
• Galileo (1564-1642)
Scientific Revolution Law of inertia and
• Nicolaus Copernicus
popularized
(1473-1543) believed that
heliocentrism (sun
the sun was at the center
center). Heretic in the
universe (Did Copernicus
Inquisition
copy???)
• (heliocentrism)
• Robert Boyle:
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
established basis of
believed that all planets,
modern chemistrybut earth revolved around
formulated
the sun and planets
relationship between
revolved around the fixed
volume and pressure
earth
of gas and invented
• Johannes Kepler (1571the air pump
1630) formulated the laws
of planetary motion.
Planets orbit around the
sun in an elliptical path
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Brahe
Kepler and his elliptical
pattern of planetary
motion.
Galileo –
heliocentrism
supporter
Physicists use the term inertia to describe this tendency of an object to
resist a change in its motion. Which person in this ring will be harder to
move? The sumo wrestler or the little boy? (Galileo = law of inertia)
Robert Boyle:
established basis of
modern chemistryformulated
relationship between
volume and pressure
of gas and invented
the air pump
Vesalius
Harvey
Bacon
Descartes
“I think therefore
I am.”
Scientific Revolution
• Francis Bacon: foundation
for the Scientific Method
of empirical research
• Rene Descartes:
importance of a skeptical
view…human reason
cannot develop laws that
explain the workings of
nature
• Andreas Vesalius
published 1st modern set
of anatomical drawings in
1543
• William Harvey: heart
pumped blood that was
circulated throughout the
body
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
concept of force and laws
of motion
All motion subject to the
same laws, then the
movement of the planets
could be explained.
(gravity)
Deism: god might exist but
does not interfere in life
John Locke: you can learn
everything through your
senses and that faith was
irrelevant
Human nature seen as good
and faith in human
progress
Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies
• Problem of government:
how to balance the
monarch’s right to command
and the subject’s duty to
obey
• England: constitutional
monarchy where power was
shared between the ruler and
a representative assembly of
subjects!
• Alternative to constitutional
monarchy was an absolute
one! FRANCE!
• King Louis XIV of France :
“L’etat c’est moi” “I am the
state”
• He was nicknamed the Sun
king b/c he though
everything revolved around
him like the sun!
• Strong military
• Reduced internal tariffs to
promote internal trade,
limited imports (set
tariffs), colonial
possessions to gain raw
materials for
manufacturing.
• Louis XIV wars: War of
Spanish Succession
(Treaties of Utrecht), 9
Years War, Mercantile
Wars (Treaty of Nijmegen
(1678-79)
Absolutism in the East
•
Frederick William of
Prussia: inherited a weak
state (a scattered and
ungovernable collection of
lands that had been
devastated by the Thirty
Years War. As a child he
had hid in the woods to
escape from marauding
soldiers and as a teen
followed the body of
Gustavus Adolphus to his
burial! He also had been in
Holland during the final
stages of the Dutch
revolt…this all told him a
strong army was very
important and that it must
be support with revenue
•
•
•
•
Frederick established an
excise (consumption tax).
This financed his army.
Creation of the army was
the force that led to the
creation of the state of
Prussia.
Peter I of Russia: military
reforms based on
Sweden. Went to war
with Sweden for control
of Baltic ports. 1709
were successful in the
battle of Poltava
Absolutism allowed each
ruler to expand the
powers of the state
Absolute Monarchy
• Thomas Hobbes: people came together to form a
government with the most basic interests: selfpreservation and to escape their poor, solitary,
brutish lives
• Hobbesian contract: Ruler agreed to rule and
subjects agreed to obey
• When contract upheld people no longer lived in a
state of nature, when it was broken they went
back
John Locke
•
•
•
•
Took theory of resistance
and applied it to the idea
of a contract between the
ruler and his subjects
You have the right to
break the social contract
when the ruler is not
upholding their end of the
deal and is not ruling in
the interests of the
people!
Wrote idea in: The two
treatises on Civil
Government
Became basis for
democratic rule
Enlightenment
• Set of attitudes
• Followed the
Scientific Revolution
which caused many to
question everything!
• Core was criticism, a
questioning of
traditional institutions,
customs, and morals
• Transition from mercantilism to
laissez faire economics
• the state should intervene as
little as possible in private
economic endeavor—the
doctrine of laissez faire. The
ideas of the physiocrats and the
Scottish intellectual Adam
Smith provided the foundations
for economic reform in the
nineteenth century
Rousseau
• Rousseau is one of the
most influential thinkers
during the Enlightenment
• The central claim is that
human beings are
basically good by nature,
but were corrupted by
complex historical events
that resulted in present day
civil society.
Kant
• Kant claimed that human
reason cannot establish the
"fact" of God. But in
observing the moral
instincts of people we can
see (through the eyes of
faith) that there is some
kind of source beyond the
mere human will itself that
directs life. That higher
moral grounding is by
definition God. Thus God
exists
Voltaire
• ideal religion - it would
teach very little dogma but
much morality
• "In general, the art of
government consists in
taking as much money as
possible from one class of
citizens to give to the
other." (Dictionnaire
Philosophique, 1764)
Montesquieu
• The Spirit of the Laws
1748, was his greatest
work. Assembled his
thoughts on political
theory using ancient
Rome and Britain
• Explored how liberty
could be achieved and
despotism avoided
• Law needed to be
independent and
impartial to be just
• Encyclopedia: Denis
Diderot
• Mary Wollstonecraft:
early feminist and
believed women should be
heard and have political
rights and freedoms
• Madame de Beaumere
Journal des Dames
• Reading clubs and
teahouses became popular
where many discussed and
shared ideas. Upper classsalons
• Family concept changed:
children seen as good and
innocent and education
toys provided
• Westerners began to
consume sugar and coffee
everyday showing the
reliance on colonial trade
• Agriculture improved: 3
field rotation system,
fodder crops, draining of
swamps
• Animal husbandry
improved
• Seed drill developed
• The potato supported
larger poor populations
Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Machines replaced human
and animal labor
• Brought on a period of
economic growth between
1750-1850
• England ceased to be an
agricultural and rural
society
• England had the all the
factors of production:
• Land, Labor, Capital
• England became the model
for Industrialization:Well
developed Navy, Waterways,
Abundant mineral fuels,
Commercial infrastructure
• 1733 John Kay-flying shuttle
• James Hargreaves-spinning
Jenny
• 1709 Thomas Newcomen
invented a pump to pump water
out of coal pits-2500 men
• Smelting of iron ore: James
Watt and the steam engine
• Henry Cort: 1780’s discovered
puddling and rolling methodincreased output of iron
• 1830 1st commercial RR in
England
Entrepreneurs and Managers
• Reorganizing the
relationship between
labor and capital
• Increasing output
while decreasing
manufacturing costs
• Supervision of process
of production saved
money
• Search for low cost
workers: women and
children
• Gains also made
through specialization
of tasks