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The French Revolution 1789 French Rev. Absolute Monarchy Louis XVI People wanted equality Bad economy, Little food, Louis XVI’s spending Enlightenment Ideas Influence of American Rev. American Rev. Type of Gov. Limited Monarchy King George and Parliament Reasons Britain views Americans as colonists, Americans view for Conflict themselves as loyal British subjects, Enlightenment Ideas, Unfair Estate Actions System, High taxes that led on the poor,National to war. Assembly, Storming of the Bastille High Taxes on Colonists, Intolerable Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Common Sense Causes of French Revolution Ideas of liberty and equality from the American Revolution (note: Constitution was signed 2 yrs before in 1787) Enlightenment ideas of John Locke Causes of French Revolution Vast majority of people were broke and hungry. Vast majority were in the lowest estate Video I. The Old Régime A society of order and inequality No movement (social and geographic) No rights for the poor A society of privileges for the rich A society led by customs and traditions A society dominated by religion 1st Estate 2nd Estate Louis XVI Bourgeoisie Workers 3rd Estate Three Estates Peasants A. The First Estate: The Clergy A tiny majority entitled to many privileges But an order providing important services Ministry and sacraments Charity Education Social Promotion Less than 1% of population, owned 10% of the land, Very little if any taxes B. The Second Estate: The Nobility Born into money Proud of its origins but feeling threatened Attached to its privileges An order opposed to all changes 2% of the population Owned 20% of the land No Taxes!!!!!!!!! C. The Third Estate: Everybody Else 97% of society 50% taxes 3 classes within 3rd estate Bourgeoisie- Middle Class, merchants and artisans, leaders of the Rev., believed in enlightenment ideas City workers, low wages, often hungry Peasants- 80% of population, poor, mistreated, very high taxes C. The Third Estate: Continued A frustrated but ambitious group The “Go-Getters!” Urban workers and artisans bourgeoisie Part of the third estate, they were the “middle class” of France. They were bankers, merchants, factory owners (educated people) Led the revolution 1st Estate 2nd Estate Louis XVI Bourgeoisie Workers 3rd Estate Three Estates Peasants Enlightenment Ideas/American Rev. Many thinkers of the Enlightenment are French (Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu) Poor, mistreated, people like the ideas presented in the Enlightenment Battle Cry- Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Also influenced by the Americans The French helped us during the American Revolution. If the Americans can do it, why can’t the French???? Revolution - beginnings Royal family flaunts their wealth. Louis XVI and his wife spend too much $ High taxes = No profit Increase in the cost of living Price of bread doubled because of bad harvests Bread riots People were hungry; the country was broke. This picture is from an all-woman bread riot. Marie Antoinette said “let them eat cake” King Louis XVI His grandfather Louis XIV was the ultimate “absolutist” king. This king was weak He had so little control, he called for the French congress to fix some problems Became King at age of 15 (17741793) Inherited debt from his father He gave $$$ to help the Americans gain independence from Great Britain He was a weak leader He would rather hunt or play with toys instead of rule the country Queen Marie Antoinette A very beautiful woman Charming and light hearted She was unpopular with the French people She was Austrian! She referred to her husband as “The Poor Man” 1774- Louis XVI takes the throne. They helped America in the American Rev. This cost a large amount of money. Louis tries to tax the 1st and 2nd estate. They complain and basically refuse May 1789- Louis calls the Estates- General, which hasn’t been called since 1614 The reason he called them was so that he could try to raise taxes on the 3rd estate The Estates General An assembly of representatives from all three estates. Each Estate got 1 vote. Therefore, the 1st and 2nd could always outvote the third estate. Basically 3% > 97% ?????????????????????? Met at Versailles. It represents both ends of the political spectrum Radicals-Moderates-Conservatives Tennis Court Oath Delegates of the 3rd Estate Kicked out of Estates General Broke into an indoor tennis court at Versailles Pledged to not leave there until they had finished a constitution Wanted a new constitution constructed to give more power to the lower estate The National Assembly June 17, 1789, the 3rd Estate renamed the themselves to “The National Assembly” Mostly bourgeoisie class citizens Abbe Sieyes- Clergy who sided with the 3rd Estate They began to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French People! 1st official act of revolution This ended absolute monarchy in France Storming the Bastille Louis stationed Swiss Guards in Paris People wanted to gather weapons and powder to protect Paris from an invasion from the Austrians July 14th, 1789 mob stormed the garrison and killed the kings guards Symbolic act of revolution Like USA - 4th of July Bastille Day Video The Great Fear October 1789 A wave of senseless panic Rumors start to fly that the nobles are going to kill the peasants Peasants became outlaws and attacked upper class citizens Broke into houses and tore up legal papers and burned property Video Women Riot!!! 6,000 Parisian women riot in the city over the price of bread! Anger quickly turned against the king and queen With knives and axes, march on Versailles and killed 2 guards Demand the king and queen come to Paris They are basically taken hostage by the crowd and taken to Paris Assembly Reforms In France Nobles join the NA out of fear, this gives it legitimacy Declaration of the Rights of Man- “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” Modeled after Declaration of Independence Rights of free speech, religion and equal justice “Rights of liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.” Did not apply to women Assembly Reforms The National Assembly took control of the church. Now the church was run by the government The assembly took church lands and sold them to pay off French debt Clergy was now paid by government. Peasants angry because they think the church can do no wrong. This will cause tension between the peasants and the middle class. King Tries to Escape Louis tried to get out of town Took his wife and kids to Austria They were caught by a mail man who recognized him from his face on the money! Sent back to Paris His fate was sealed- Why would he try to escape unless he was guilty? War with Austria & Prussia Early 1792 Foreign countries don’t like revolution in France They think it may start revolutions in their country Armies invade France and help save King Louis and family Death of the King 20,000 stormed the kings home and killed the 900 Swiss guards Jacobins captured the king Louis XVI is charged with “conspiring against the liberty of the nation.” Basically he was tried with being an absolute monarch. He is convicted and beheaded. 1st time this has happened in Europe. Kings had been assassinated, but never put on trial and/or assassinated Mob and Gang Rule Mob made of poor people Leaders were Bourgeoisie Jacobin-radical political club (gang) Led by Maximillian Robespierre, Jean Paul Marat, Georges Danton Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre- gains control of power He made laws that hurt France and it’s people Became a Dictator Used Secret Police Begins killing people he didn’t like Video Maximillian Robespierre Tried to build a “Republic of Virtue” Wiped out all traces of the monarchy and nobility Decks of cards were changed. The calendar was changed Robespierre- became leader of the Committee of Public Safety Committee for Public Safety Robespierre decided who were the enemies of the Republic 300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed. People were tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon End of the Reign of Terror People get tired of Robespierre and his scare tactics He, along with Marat are killed by the people. Marat killed in his tub, Robespierre beheaded by the guillotine. 1795- New constitution gave power to the Directory and Legislature Directory was a council of 5 men called directors Ineffective so people look to army for leadership They find Napoleon The Guillotine Invented in 1792 by Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine Efficient-Humane-Democratic “Would not feel the slightest pain” Effects of the French Revolution Both the King and Queen were beheaded French monarchy no more In addition to the Royal family, 17,000 people were executed with the guillotine. PERIODS OF THE REVOLUTION Five sub-periods distinguished by form of government Estates Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Consulate First Empire Effects continued. . . Napoleon Bonaparte was elected leader, then appoints himself emperor of France. Video Hero of the Hour October 1795- Royalists march on the National Assembly wanting to restore the monarchy Napoleon, who happens to be in town, leads a group of artillery and disperses the crowd Napoleon becomes a celebrity, seen as the savior of the Republic, known as the “Hero of the Hour” Put in charge of the army that is set up to fight the Austrians, he wins Napoleon gets more powerful by the day Coup d’Etat By 1799 the directory is losing control Napoleon and his wife, Josephine, work behind the scenes to try to get support By this time Napoleon is in charge of the entire, French army and is very popular Napoleon with his army marches on the National Assembly The National Assembly dissolves the directory During the coup Napoleon becomes 1st consul, basically the dictator Plebiscite Plebiscite- a vote of the people Napoleon calls for a vote of the people to approve his takeover and other reforms They approve him and also approve new constitution, set up a national bank, create public schools. Now merit gets you ahead, not birth Legal System-Napoleonic Code Equality of all in the eyes of the law No recognition of privileges of birth (i.e. noble rights inherited from ancestors.) Freedom of religion Separation of the church and the state Freedom to work in an occupation of one's choice Strengthening the family by: Placing emphasis on the husband and father as the head of the family Restricting grounds for divorce to three reasons: adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and grave insults, excesses or cruelty; however divorce could be granted by mutual agreement, as long as the grounds were kept private. Defining who could inherit the family property Napoleonic Code Confirmed Abolition of Privileges Established a meritocracy Regulation of Labor Outlawed worker’s organizations Abolished laws of primogeniture Extended to all French territory Napoleonic Code – Results A woman could not vote. A wife owed obedience to her husband, who had total control over their property. A unmarried woman had few rights and could not be a legal guardian or witness wills. It was easier for a man to sue for divorce on grounds of adultery, while a man had to cohabit with his mistress for two years for his wife to justify a divorce. If a man surprised his wife in bed with another man, he could kill her legally. If a woman did so, she could be tried for murder. Minors had few rights. (A father even could place his child in jail for up to six months.) Illegitimate children had no rights of inheritance Napoleon becomes Emperor 1804- Napoleon learns about an assassination plot sponsored by Louis XVI’s family. He kills his enemy in secret, but is worried about his legacy. He uses this as a reason to restore a hereditary “monarchy” to France with him as Emperor. Dec. 2, 1804- Napoleon crowns himself Emperor. Napoleon expands the Empire During this time Napoleon and his army fought in several wars to conquer many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean including Italy, Egypt, Germany, and Spain. During this time his main foe was Great Britain, who he could never conquer. Napoleon needed $, so he sold the Louisiana Purchase to the U.S. for less than 3 cents an acre. Napoleon’s Family Rules! e e e e e e e Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples This allegorical print celebrated the general peace. Bonaparte in the centre is crowned by Victory, who brings with her Abundance, whilst Time closes the doors to the Temple of Janus (these were famously closed by the Emperor Augustus to signify that Rome was not at war). The sovereigns of Europe come to receive from the hands of the First Consul the olive branch of peace. From left to right: The Grand Turk, the King and Queen of Portugal, the Pope, the King of England, Bonaparte, the King of Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor, the King of Prussia, the King of Naples, The Tsar of Russia. Famous Napoleon Quotes “I love power as a musician loves his violin.” “Even when I am gone, I shall remain in people's minds the star of their rights, my name will be the war cry of their efforts, the motto of their hopes.” “I can no longer obey; I have tasted command, and I cannot give it up.” “I should have conquered the world.” Napoleon’s 3 Mistakes 1. 2. 3. Continental System Peninsular War Invasion of Russia 1. Continental System- 1806 Napoleon knew he couldn’t defeat Great Britain because of their powerful navy. He decides to try to defeat them by crippling them economically by cutting off trade with the rest of Europe. To do this he imposed a blockade- a forcible closing of ports It fails horribly because of several factors. Smugglers bring British goods in to Europe. Too much coastline to monitor British have a more powerful navy and they end up blockading France and Europe (War of 1812) This ends up hurting Napoleon more than the British. 2. Peninsular War-1808 Spain basically ignores the Continental System. A direct threat to Napoleon’s power. Napoleon gets mad and deposes Spanish King and puts his brother in charge. Spanish Rebel and use guerilla warfare- loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying their territory using hit and run tactics, to hurt the French Army This war last for 5 years, costs countless $, and Napoleon loses 300,000 men. 3. Invasion of Russia- June 1812 Alexander I of Russia sells grains to Great Britain. This makes Napoleon furious. Napoleon raised army of 680,000 from all of Europe Size of Army dictated direct approach Only 200,000 French - depending on support of defeated nations RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN Numerous logistics setbacks in beginning of campaign Dilemma Couldn’t winter over at Smolensk (unable to provision army & Sweden threatened rear) Retreat before Winter or advance to Moscow Napoleon advanced toward Moscow hoping for decisive victory DON’T INVADE RUSSIA IN THE WINTER!! Poor roads/hostile population didn’t support mass/mobility Russian “scorched earth” policy prevented foraging Weakened army fell prey to disease (lost 1/4 combat effectiveness before contact with enemy) Unwilling warriors deserted in droves Video RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN Sept 14th - entered Moscow - hollow victory since Russians had burned city & retreated Oct 19th - began retreat, hampered by: Snow & bitter cold Russian Regular/Irregular Forces Ineffective supply system 40,000 vehicles loaded with “loot” vice supplies Breakdown of discipline wasted supplies Video RESULTS Napoleon loses ½ million men. His army is seriously weakened. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden all ally against France. Napoleon and his army are defeated at the Battle of Leipzig Napoleon Abdicates! e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11. e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. Don’t call it a comeback Louis XVIII takes over and is very unpopular. Napoleon escapes from Elba, gets an army together and marches towards Paris. Louis XVIII sends an army after Napoleon, but they end up joining Napoleon. Napoleon marches into Paris, Louis XVIII flees Napoleon makes peace offers towards the rest of Europe, but they do not believe him. Waterloo Coalition of European nations form an army to defeat Napoleon. They meet at Waterloo in Belgium. One of the most famous battles in history Napoleon defeated (Hemorrhoids??) Time period known as the 100 Days. Napoleon shipped farther away to St. Helena. Napoleon dies in 1821. Poison??? Congress Of Vienna Decisions in Vienna 1814-15 5 great powers King Frederick William III of Prussia Czar Alexander I of Russia Emperor Francis I of Austria Foreign Ministers of France and Britain Metternich takes the Stage Prince Clemons Von Metternich – Foreign minister of Austria. “ First and greatest concern for the immense majority is the stability of laws never there change.” 3 Goal Surround France with strong Countries Balance of Power Restore Europe’s Royal Families Results of Vienna Kingdom of the Netherlands German Federation Joining of 39 German States Switzerland was recognized Kingdom of Sardinia was strengthened Legitimacy- Restored all the Monarch’s prior to the revolution and Napoleon. Louis XVIII Concert Of Europe A series of Alliances between European countries that they would help one another if a revolution was to happen again. Conclusion Is the world a better place because of the French Revolution? Was there anything positive that occurred? If so what was it? What were the negative aspects of the revolution and Napoleon? Change one event in the revolution and explain how it would have changed all aspects of the revolution? Explain in great detail.