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Dr. Bill Vicars Lifeprint. com Linguistics of American Sign Language Lexical Categories (5th Edition Pages 100 – 111) x Lexical = "words or vocabulary " Lexical Unit = "a word" (or a sign) Lexical Categories = Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs etc. Can divide signs into two types: “Content Signs” & “Function Signs” “Content Signs” Examples: nouns verbs adjectives adverbs Function signs include: pronouns prepositions conjunctions What are some “Content Signs" lexical categories? noun verb adjective adverb What are some Function Signs lexical categories? pronouns prepositions and conjunctions If a lexical category tends to accept new signs it is "open." If a lexical category doesn’t accept new signs it is "closed." Example: Sometimes we need new nouns… MICROWAVE I-PHONE E-Mail We don't seem to need new pronouns: Existing pronouns can refer to new nouns. So we don't need new pronouns. So, the lexical category of "pronoun" is closed. Topic: “Nouns” Name sign: “Dr. Bill” Name sign: Katie = noun CHICAGO = noun #SEARS = noun #DENNY'S = noun COMPUTER TABLE THEORY = noun Nouns include: individuals … places … concret e things… abstract things Nouns tend to be countable. How do you make a noun plural in English? Generally you add an "s" How do you make a noun plural in ASL? redupli cation brothers = BROTHER++ sisters = SISTER++ words = WORD++ plants = PLANT++ "Verbs" Verbs = actions … events … processes … states of being … RUN WALK ENJOY LIKE HELP INFORM Topic: "Adjectives" Adjectives describe nouns Adjective examples: opinions Adjectives tend to appear before nouns Adj after noun = "adjectival predicate" Example: MOVIE, FUNNY adj FUNNY (after movie) acts as a verb Ex: The movie is funny! Adjectives can be modified… TALL MAN vs … VERYTALL MAN Topic: "Adverbs" Adverbs are used to… express manner indicate temporal frequency modify adjectives modify other adverbs English tends to use "-ly" ASL modifies via "articulation" Articulation means… "How a sign is produced" Example: SIT vs… SIT-FORLONGTIME Adverbs also indicate "when" … YESTERDAY TWOWEEKSAGO NEXTTWODAYS STILL Example: TOMORROW PRO-1 WORK CLOSED LEXICAL CATEGORIES … Pronouns Modal_verbs Prepositions & Conjunctions What does a pronoun do? Represents an already identified… PERSON PLACE THING English: he, she, it, them, us How are ASL pronouns different from English pronouns? ASL only has two categories of pronouns: 1. Pronouns that point at oneself 2. Pronouns that point away from self PRO-1 = I / me PRO = you, he, she, it, they English has 3 categories of pronouns: st 1 person: I / me nd 2 person: you rd 3 person: he/she Another difference: subject and object pronouns English: I / me we / us he / him ASL: initial location / final location (direction) ASL has "numeral morphemes" … ASL pronouns can identify a specific number PRO-MULTITHREE (first person) PRO-MULTITHREE (non-first person) Examples: PRO-1 = I/ME PRO-DUAL-1 = "WE-2" "you 2" "you 3" "those three" PRO-PL1 = "we" PRO-PL = "they" Topic: "Modal Verbs" Modal verbs express: necessity or possibility Usually modal verbs come before other verbs Sometimes modal verbs come after a verb verb > modal verb = "emphasis" Examples: WILL CAN MUST SHOULD Topic: Modal Verb "emphasis" What is the difference between these concepts in ASL?... should need-to must Playful intensity: MUST!-[4fingers] Topic: "prepositions" Prepositions show relationships of nouns English: under, on, in, above, with, do, etc. ASL: "depiction" depiction used to be called "classifiers" depiction = showing how Predicate = "says something about" "Predicate" = "comment" ASL prepositions tend to incorporate… more information, for example… INSIDE(near_chest)+ = "inner feelings" Example… OLD FEELING STILL INSIDE-MYCHEST Topic: Conjunctions Conjunctions join words or phrases ASL conjunctions: … UNDER STAND Examples… PRO BRING #TV, SHELF PLUS S-O-F-A PRO CAN GO STORE UNDERSTAND HELP MOTHER FIRST Dr. Bill Vicars Lifeprint. com