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Transcript
Critical Thinking Lecture 4 Rhetoric By David Kelsey Rhetoric • Rhetoric: – Linguistic devices which are used to … • Rhetorical devices are called slanters – Positive and negative slants – Grandmother example Rhetorical force and Logical force • The Logical Force of a phrase or sentence is the power of that phrase or sentence to __________________ • The rhetorical force of a phrase or sentence is the power of that phrase or sentence to __________________ • Al Gore example Rhetorical comparisons and definitions • A rhetorical comparison is a comparison used to express or influence attitudes. • A Rhetorical definition: smuggles prejudice of one sort or another into the meaning of a term. – Short example – Abortion example Rhetorical Explanations • A Rhetorical Explanation smuggles in prejudice of one sort or another with the aim of influencing attitudes or behavior. Example Euphemisms • A Euphemism is a neutral or positive expression as opposed to one that carries negative associations. • Deception: – Examples: • Used cars • Assassination attempts • Freedom fighters • Passing away Dysphemisms • A Dysphemism: – a negative expression as opposed to one that carries positive or neutral associations with it. – Deception: • Examples: – The freedom fighter again Stereotypes • A stereotype is a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence. Stereotypes #2 • Denigrate: – Most stereotypes denigrate a group of individuals, for example: – Examples: • Favorable impressions: – Examples: Innuendo • Innuendo: uttering a sentence or phrase with the intention of communicating what is implied by what one utters. – Suggestion – Examples Innuendo #2 • Innuendo – insinuating something negative about something or someone without actually saying it. – WC Fields example Loaded Questions • A loaded question is a question that implies an unjustified claim. • Examples: – “Have you stopped beating her?” – Police officer Weaslers • A weasler is a word or phrase, which, when inserted into a claim, helps protect it from criticism by watering it down or by weakening it. – A way out – Weasling words include: Weaslers #2 • An example of a Weasler: “Three out of four dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum”. – This claim contains two Weasling expressions. • 1. • 2. Downplayers • Downplayers are words or phrases used to make someone or something look less important or significant. • Examples: Horse Laugh • A Horse laugh (i.e. ridicule) is a word or phrase used to get a laugh at the expense of someone or something. – A horse laugh is no objection: – Examples: • Unrelated jokes • Laughing at someone or something • Making fun Hyperbole • Hyperbole is extravagant overstatement. • Some examples: – Hang nail – … Proof surrogates • A proof surrogate: – a phrase or expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing the evidence or authority. • Examples: