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AP Exam Review Questions Sig Figs 9.01 x 2.3 = • Ans: 21 • The measurement with the smallest number of sig figs determines how many digits are allowed in the final answer. Sig Figs 5.5 + 4.227 = • Ans: 9.7 • The number of sig figs allowed depends on the number with the largest uncertainty. Equilibrium • If pressure increases, which way does the system shift to reestablish equilibrium? • N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ↔ 2NH3 (g) • Reduce the pressure by shifting to the side with the fewer number of moles. Equilibrium • Which of the following will change the value of the equilibrium constant? • Concentration, Pressure, Temperature • Ans: only temperature • If the temperature of the reaction mixture is increased, which way would the system shift to relieve the stress? N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ↔ 2NH3 (g) + heat Ans: The reaction would shift to the left to reduce the heat. Lewis Base • Is a Lewis base an electron pair acceptor or electron pair donor? • Ans: electron pair donors Strong Acids • Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? HF, HCl, HBr • Ans: HF Acids • If Ka is a large value, does the reaction favor formation of the reactants or the products ? • Ans: products Titration • The ___________ is that point in the titration where the number of moles of H+ in the acid solution has been exactly neutralized with the same number of moles of OH-. • Ans: equivalence point Titration • When titrating an acid with a base, will the pH increase or decrease? • Ans: increase Quantum Numbers • In your own words, what do each of the quantum numbers (n, l, ml , ms) represent? • Ans: Quantum Numbers • What are the quantum numbers for Silicon? • Ans: n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +½ Quantum Numbers • What are the quantum numbers for Aluminum? • Ans: n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +½ Quantum Numbers • What are the quantum numbers for Calcium? • Ans: n = 4, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -½ Atomic Structure • What are the 3 subatomic particles? • Ans: proton, electron, neutron Atomic Structure • Which vocab term means a substance that has unpaired electrons? • Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic • Ans: paramagnetic Atomic Structure • How many non-bonding pairs of electrons does ammonia have? • Ans: one Atomic Structure • What is the vocab term used to describe several Lewis dot structures for a substance that are equivalent (including formal charge)? • Ans: resonance structures Solubility • Apply the solubility rules to the following product PbI2 . Would this product be soluble or insoluble? • Ans: insoluble Solubility • Apply the solubility rules to the following product Na3PO4 . Would this product be soluble or insoluble? • Ans: soluble Thermo • If ∆G is positive, is the reaction spontaneous or non-spontaneous? • Ans: non-spontaneous Thermo • If ∆H is >0, is the reaction endo or exothermic? • Ans: endothermic Thermo • Is a ∆H is <0 associated with a spontaneous or non-spontaneous reaction? • Ans: exothermic Stoichiometry • This type of formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound? • Ans: empirical formula Stoichiometry • A sample of gas was analyzed and found to contain 2.34 g of nitrogen (N) and 5.34 g of oxygen (O). The molar mass of the gas was determined to be about 90 g/mole. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of this gas? • Ans: empirical is NO2 , molecular is N2O4 Stoichiometry • What is the formula for percent yield? • Ans: • % yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x100% Solutions • What is the chemical equation used to calculate molarity? • Ans: molarity = moles solute/liters of solution Solutions • What is the dilution equation? • Ans: M1V1 = M2V2 Solutions • Calculate the volume of a stock 6.00M HCl solution needed to make 1.00L of a 0.100M HCl solution? • Ans: 16.6 ml of the stock solution must be used Solutions • How many milliliters of distilled water must be added to 100 ml of 0.250 M KCl to prepare a 0.100 M KCl solution? • Ans: V2 = 250 ml then you must subtract 100 ml (the initial volume of KCl) because it takes up space in the flask, therefore the answer is volume of water = 150 ml