Download Knowledge About STDs Among Americans

Common Sexually
Transmitted Diseases:
STD 101
Developed by
The Training and Health
Communications Branch, in partnership with
the Program Development and Support Branch,
Division of STD Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Modified by L.A. Privitera for WS/BIOL 350
Knowledge About STDs Among
Americans
12
Unable to name any STDs
17
Believe all STDs are curable
Unaware that STDs increase risk of
HIV infection
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage of Americans 18-64 years old
Source : Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996
4
Topics
• Bacterial Infections: curable with antibiotics
» Chlamydia
» Gonorrhea
» (Syphilis)
• Viral Infections: no cure, but can alleviate or remove
symptoms with medication
» Herpes type 2
» HPV (genital warts)
» Hepatitis B
» HIV/AIDS
• Other STDs
Chlamydia
(Chlamydia trachomatis)
Epidemiology of Chlamydia
• Incidence: Approximately 4 million new cases in U.S.
per year
• Currently, the most common STD in U.S. (and
Hawaii), especially in indivs. <25 yrs old
• Rates 4x higher in females than in males
• Decreasing prevalence in selected areas with control
programs that include clinic-based screening
• High prevalence of co-infection in partners (>50%)
• Perinatal transmission results in neonatal
conjunctivitis in 30-50% of exposed babies
Chlamydia rates by gender in the U.S.,
1984–2001
Rate (per 100,000 population)
450
360
270
Men
Women
180
90
0
1984
86
88
90
92
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
94
96
98
2000
Chlamydia: Age- and sex-specific rates in
the U.S., 2001
Men
3,000
Rate (per 100,000 population)
2,400
1,800
1,200
600
0
9.9
375.9
604.9
284.7
140.4
70.3
37.1
15.9
5.5
2.2
114.2
Age
Women
0
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Total
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
600
1,200
1,800
2,400
3,000
139.8
2,536.1
2,447.0
824.6
301.9
119.1
51.4
18.1
5.1
2.9
436.3
Chlamydia rates by state:
U.S. and outlying areas, 2001
231.3
212.7
104.9
165.4
217.9
169.2
156.3
303.6
241.2
169.9
244.5
312.8
194.7
231.0
187.3
241.8
352.0 250.9
134.5
301.0
307.8
279.6
331.7
343.8
225.0
303.7
129.7 259.1
249.3
219.7
274.6
273.5
272.3
382.1
Guam 278.4
414.6
326.6
413.4
334.5
399.2
437.7
235.4
VT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
Rate per 100,000
population
(n= 7)
<=150
150.1-300 (n= 29)
(n= 17)
>300
332.7
Puerto Rico 72.2
Virgin Is. 120.6
Note: The total rate of chlamydia for the United States and outlying areas (including
Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 275.5 per 100,000 population.
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
104.8
111.9
163.8
277.8
226.6
193.9
356.4
295.3
Chlamydia rates among 15-24 yr. old women
tested in family planning clinics by state:
U.S. and outlying areas, 2001
6.2
5.8
3.1
3.2
4.0
4.3
4.4
7.5
3.4
4.2
5.2
4.3
5.6
3.8
7.5
5.1
6.5
7.0
5.0
5.6
4.1
6.0
6.7
5.4
5.7
2.7
4.3
8.1
3.9
6.9
4.9
6.6
7.6
13.5
7.7
8.3
8.4
10.8
3.7
VT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
DC
5.5
5.5
Positivity (%)
<4
4.0-4.9
>=5
5.4
Puerto Rico 6.1
3.4
5.9
5.2
7.0
5.0
6.3
5.8
5.1
6.1
Virgin Is. 13.9
Note: States reported chlamydia positivity data on at least 500 women aged 15-24 years
screened during 2001.
SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State
STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(n= 8)
(n= 8)
(n= 37)
Presentation of Chlamydia
Symptoms in Females:
• 75% are asymptomatic
• Abnormal vaginal
discharge
• Pain during urination or
sex
Symptoms in Males:
• 40% asymptomatic
• Discharge from the penis
(may be runny, whitish)
• Burning during urination
Complications, if not
treated:
• Pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID)
• Infertility or ectopic
pregnancy from
damaged or scarred
reprod. tissue/organs
Complications, if not treated
• Swollen and tender testicles
(epididymitis)
• Infertility from damaged or
scarred reproductive ducts
or organs
Testing & Treatment for Chlamydia
• Easily detected by a urine test or cervical tissue
culture; and
• Can be cured with antibiotics; but any damage to the
body is not repaired by the antibiotics
Gonorrhea
(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Epidemiology of Gonorrhea
• One of the most common STDs in U.S.; about ½
million new cases per year
• Incidence remains high in some groups defined by
geography, age and race/ethnicity, or sexual
orientation
• As with chlamydia, rates in women are highest
among teenagers and young adults
• About half of infected patients also have an existing
chlamydia infection
• Associated with increased susceptibility to HIV
infection
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea: Reported rates in U.S.
1970–2001
Rate (per 100,000 population)
500
Gonorrhea
2010 Objective
400
300
200
100
0
1970
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
2000
Note: The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective for gonorrhea is 19.0 cases per
100,000 population.
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea rates by gender in U.S.
1981–2001
Rate (per 100,000 population)
600
Male
Female
2010 Objective
480
360
240
120
0
1981
83
85
87
89
91
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
93
95
97
99
2001
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea: Age- and gender-specific
rates in U.S., 2001
Men
750
Rate (per 100,000 population)
600
450
300
150
0
8.2
307.5
563.6
328.4
203.9
134.3
90.5
46.8
17.2
4.5
128.6
Age
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Total
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
0
Women
150
300
450
600
750
51.8
703.2
664.1
249.4
112.7
57.8
31.2
9.4
2.0
0.9
128.5
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea rates by state: U.S. and
outlying areas, 2001
50.7
11.5
11.1
8.7
33.4
54.9
5.9
112.1
38.3
15.6
117.5
48.5
116.0
69.5
87.9
74.2
76.4
186.4
193.4 114.7
9.8
68.8
57.2
VT
12.5
NH
14.2
MA
50.6
RI
79.2
CT
74.8
NJ 106.0
DE 221.2
MD 178.0
172.3
99.3
138.6
40.5
155.9
156.7
88.8
206.0
178.3
172.2
269.3
Guam 31.0
272.8
251.4
231.1
Rate per 100,000
population
144.0
274.2
72.9
134.7
<20
20-100
>100
(n= 9)
(n= 21)
(n= 23)
49.9
Puerto Rico 15.5
Virgin Is. 31.3
Note: The total rate of gonorrhea for the United States and outlying areas (including
Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 126.9 per 100,000 population. The Healthy
People year 2010 objective is 19.0 per 100,000 population.
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea rates among 15-24 yr old women
tested in family planning clinics by state in U.S.
and outlying areas, 2001
1.1
1.7
0.9
VT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
DC
1.2
0.9
0.5
2.3
0.4
1.1
1.7
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.8
1.0
2.5
0.8
0.5
0.7
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
3.2
1.9
Positivity (%)
2.2
1.3
2.9
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.2
See *
<1
1.0-1.9
>=2
0.1
Puerto Rico 0.1
Virgin Is. 1.6
*States reported gonorrhea positivity data on less than 500 women aged 15-24 years
during 2001.
SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local
and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(n=
(n=
(n=
(n=
16)
17)
15)
5)
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Males
• Symptoms appear in 7090% of infected men
(usually within 2-5 days,
but up to 1 mo.)
• Discharge from the penis
(may be thick, milky white,
yellowish, or greenish)
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention,
STD Clinical Slides
• Painful burning upon
urination
Complications in Males
• Swollen or tender testicles (epididymitis), which can
lead to infertility if untreated
• Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), which can
lead to skin infections and septic arthritis if untreated
• Infection can spread up the urethra to the bladder, sex
accessory glands and ducts, producing scar tissue
that can lead to infertility
Swollen or Tender Testicles
(Epididymitis)
Source: Health Awareness Connection, http://www.healthac.org/images.html
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Females
• Most women (75%) have no symptoms (at least
in the early infectious stages)
• For those that do show symptoms:
• Painful urination
• Pain during sex
• Whitish or yellowish discharge from vagina or
urethra
• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Bartholin’s abscess
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention, STD Clinical Slides
Bartholin’s Abscess
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention, STD Clinical Slides
Complications from Gonorrhea in
Females
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubal
blockage from scarring, which can lead to
infertility
• Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI),
which can lead to skin lesions and septic
arthritis
Disseminated Gonococcal
(Gonorrhea) Infection
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention, STD Clinical Slides
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Testing & Treatment for Gonorrhea
• Easily detected by a
simple lab test; and
• Can be cured with
antibiotics; but
• Many antibiotic-resistant
strains have evolved; and
• Any damage to the body
is not repaired by the
medicine
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis
Hits record low in ‘00
Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported
rates in the U.S., 1970–2001
Rate (per 100,000 population)
25
P&S Syphilis
2010 Objective
20
15
10
5
0
1970
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
Note: The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective for primary and secondary
syphilis is 0.2 case per 100,000 population.
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
2000
Primary and secondary syphilis rates by state: U.S.
and outlying areas, 2001
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.6
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.5
3.3
1.6
0.5
3.5
0.9
1.7
1.0
2.5
0.7
0.3
0.5
1.4
1.2
5.5
5.8
1.8
5.9
Guam 7.8
4.9
3.2
5.1
2.3
3.9
0.0
VT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
4.3
3.0
Rate per 100,000
population
<=.2
.21-4
>4
1.0
Puerto Rico 6.4
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.9
0.4
1.6
1.8
5.0
Virgin Is. 0.0
Note: The total rate of primary and secondary syphilis for the United States and outlying areas
(including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 2.2 per 100,000 population. The Healthy
People year 2010 objective is 0.2 per 100,000 population.
Source: CDC/NCHSTP 2001 STD Surveillance Report
(n= 10)
(n= 34)
(n= 9)
Genital Herpes
(Herpes simplex virus, or HSV)
Epidemiology of Herpes-2
• The majority of genital herpes outbreaks in the U.S. are
caused by HSV-2 (80%)
• ~ 45 million people in U.S. (age 12 and over) are currently
infected, with about one million new cases reported each
year
• 22% of adults over age 12 years have HSV-2 antibodies
• HSV-2 infection rates show a correlation with level of
sexual activity
• HSV-2 infection rates are higher in HIV-infected persons
and indivs. with low socioeconomic status
Genital Herpes
• There are two common kinds of Herpes (I and II) and both
are caused by a virus
• Herpes I most commonly affects the lips and mouth,
causing lesions known as cold sores or fever blisters, but
can also infect the genitals
• Herpes II is the usual cause of genital herpes (80%), but
can also infect the mouth and lips
• Both types can also be transmitted to eyes, resulting in
infection which can lead to blindness
• Incubation Period: usually 2-7 days
• Can survive for a few hours outside of the body (on moist
surfaces)
Common Symptoms of Genital Herpes
• Small clear blisters that develop into painful red sores and
then itchy ulcer-like lesions
• Sores can last up to 2-3 weeks, and may be located on
the: penis, labia, vaginal opening, perinium, anus,
buttocks, thighs, mouth, or finger
• Symptoms may also include swollen lymph glands, muscle
aches, headache, fever, painful urination and sexual
intercourse
• Symptoms may or may not recur. On average, symptoms
reappear approx. 5 times a year
Genital Herpes in a Male
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD, STD Clinical Slides
Herpes in a Male
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Herpes in a Female
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD,
STD Clinical Slides
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Ce
You can get herpes infections on
other places on your body . . .
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Herpes Complications
• If not treated in adults,
genital herpes may
cause stress and pain
• In women, some types
can increase risk of
developing cervical
cancer
• Often transmitted to
fetus during birth
(causing skin lesions,
blindness or brain
damage); can be
avoided with C-section
Testing & Treatment for
Genital Herpes
• Can be detected by various tests
• You can still spread
(http://www.ashastd.org/pdfs/blood_test.pdf)
Herpes even if you are
taking medicine!
• Symptoms can be treated with
prescribed medications, but…
• There is no cure
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Also known as “genital warts”
• One of the most common and highly contagious STDs
• HPV infection is strongly associated with cervical
cancer and probably other anal, penile, vulvar, vaginal
cancers
Common Symptoms of Genital Warts
in Males & Females
• After a 3 wk - 9 month incubation period, symptoms
may include single or multiple cauliflower-like warts
around the penis, vagina, anus, urethra
• May also include: itching, bleeding, or burning, and
pain
• Symptoms may recur from time to time
• Like Herpes, there is no known cure, but warts
disappear with certain medications, or can be
physically removed by cryotherapy, heat cauterization
or laser surgery
Genital Warts in a Male
Source: CDC/ NCHSTP/ Division of STD Prevention,
STD Clinical Slides
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
HPV Penile Warts
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Female Genital Warts
Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD, STD Clinical Slides
Female Genital Warts - Cervix
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Oral Warts
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Perianal Warts
Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Complications of Genital Warts
(if untreated)
• Can destroy body tissue around the genitals
and anus
• In women, can lead to cancer of the cervix
(Over 99% of cervical cancers have HPV
DNA detected within the tumor)
Testing & Treatment for
Genital Warts
• Can be detected in a
clinical exam;
• Can be treated by
removing the warts;
• The virus cannot be
destroyed, so the warts
may grow back.
Topics
• Bacterial Infections: curable with antibiotics
» Chlamydia
» Gonorrhea
» (Syphilis)
• Viral Infections: no cure, but can alleviate or
remove symptoms with medication
» Herpes type 2
» HPV (genital warts)
» Hepatitis B
» HIV/AIDS
• Other STDs
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B
One of several types of viral hepatitis (also Hep A, C, D,
E), causing inflammation and damage to the liver. Can
lead to cirrhosis (scarring of liver), liver cancer, and
death.
• Hep B is a highly contagious form that is transmitted via
contact with infected person’s saliva, blood, semen or
vaginal secretions. An infected mother can also transmit
the virus to the baby during delivery or shortly thereafter.
• 1.25 million are chronically infected in U.S. (1/3
acquired infection during childhood)
•~75,000 new infections reported per year
Hep B Symptoms
• Early symptoms, which are flu-like, appear 6 wks – 6 mo. after
infection and usually subside after 2-3 weeks (~90% of cases):
• fatigue, loss of appetite, mild fever, aching muscles, joints,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tenderness in upper right
abdomen
• can also include itchy skin, dark urine, pale stool, and
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes)
• some people have no symptoms at all, but are silent carriers
(can still transmit virus to other people)
• infected person is contagious 4-6 weeks before symptoms
appear and for an unpredictable time after. Most people get
rid of the virus within 6 months.
• about 1% of patients die due to liver damage in this early
stage
Chronic Hepatitis B
~10% of people infected with hep B develop a chronic, lifelong infection
• People with chronic infection may have symptoms, but
many never show symptoms. They are sometimes referred
to as "carriers" and can spread the disease to others.
• Chronic hep B increases chance of permanent liver
damage, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver
cancer.
• Risk of becoming chronically infected depends on the age
at the time of infection: more than 90% of newborns, about
50% of children, and less than 5% of adults infected with
hepatitis B develop chronic hepatitis.
Source: MEDLINEplus, National Library of Medicine, NIH
Hepatitis B Treatment
• Bed rest and a healthy diet
• Avoidance of alcohol and other non-essential
drugs
• In cases of liver failure, death can be averted only
by liver transplantation
• About 1/3 of chronic cases benefit from antiviral
drug treatment
Hepatitis B Prevention
• Condoms, if used consistently and properly, can
reduce risk of sexual transmission.
• Immunization provides the
only definitive protection
against the virus: requires
three vaccinations within a 6month period to achieve full
immunity (~95%).
• Vaccination of babies has
become routine in pediatric
care in the US.
Source: MEDLINEplus, National Library of Medicine, NIH
HIV infection
(human immunodeficiency virus)
HIV, cont.
• HIV infection is a viral infection caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which gradually destroys the immune
system, resulting in infections that are hard for the body to fight.
• Risk of getting infected is 2-10X
greater if you have a current STD
infection.
• The vast majority of individuals
infected with HIV will progress to
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome) if not treated.
• There is no known cure, but the
progression to AIDS can be
effectively delayed for many years
by daily treatment with a triple drug
cocktail.
Source: MEDLINEplus, US National Library of Medicine, NIH
Transmis
sion
How does HIV infect and multiply within the body?
Infection
step 1
Step 1: Proteins on the virus coating bind to both CD4 ptn receptors
and co-receptors on the T-cell.
CD4 T-Cell
CD4 ptn receptors
CCR5 co-receptor
Modified from source at http://www.women-alive.org/images/fig1.jpg
and http://www.women-alive.org/living/replica.htm
Infection
step 2
Step 2: Viral RNA enters the cell and is converted into doublestranded DNA by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.
Sources: http://www.women-alive.org/images/fig2.jpg and
http://www.women-alive.org/living/replica.htm
Infection
step 3
Step 3: An enzyme called integrase incorporates the virus' genetic
material into the T-cell's DNA.
Sources: http://www.women-alive.org/images/fig3.jpg and
http://www.women-alive.org/living/replica.htm
Infection
step 4
Step 4: Protease enzymes cut the viral proteins into shorter pieces so
they can be incorporated into new viruses.
Sources: http://www.women-alive.org/images/fig4.jpg and
http://www.women-alive.org/living/replica.htm
Infection
step 5
Step 5: The new viruses bud off and attack other T-cells.
Source: http://www.women-alive.org/images/fig5.jpg and
http://www.women-alive.org/living/replica.htm
Early
Symptoms
Primary or Acute HIV Infection - a condition that occurs in
some HIV-infected people about 2 - 4 weeks after initial
exposure. Symptoms resemble the flu or mononucleosis:
• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Sore throat
• Diarrhea
• Rash
• Night sweats
• Muscle aches/joint pain
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting
• Symptoms may last from a few days to 2 wks, and then subside.
Following the acute infection, there may be no further evidence of
illness for the next decade.
• Some people are asymptomatic (never show any symptoms) for up
to 10 years, but are still infectious (able to transmit the virus to other
people).
Asymptomat
ic stage
After infection with HIV, antibodies to the virus can be detected in
the blood. Converting from HIV negative to HIV positive usually
occurs within 3 – 6 months after exposure.
Natural progression of the disease is:
acute HIV infection
asymptomatic HIV infection
symptomatic HIV infection
AIDS
early
What is Asymptomatic HIV infection?
• A period in which there is slow deterioration of the immune system without
any overt symptoms.
• There is frequently a in CD4 T-cell counts, an index of immune function.
• Length of this phase varies greatly among individuals and correlates with
level of replication of HIV, as well as genetic differences in the way the
immune system handles the virus.
• In some individuals, this phase can last 10 years or longer, while in others,
clinical symptoms and worsening immune function may occur within one (or
just a few) years from the time of original infection.
AIDS
•The vast majority (over 99%) of HIV-positive people inevitably progress to
AIDS; however, there are a very small number of people who have
unquestionably tested positive for HIV, but no longer test positive and have
absolutely no signs of disease. These people (called non-progressors) are
being carefully watched and studied, as they provide evidence that some
people may posses a natural immunity or may be capable of eliminating the
disease.
At what point is HIV infection called AIDS?
• When the CD4 T-cell count falls
below 200/ul (the count is normally
800-1200 in healthy people or HIV+
people who are not yet sick)
• As a result of the virus, the immune
system begins to collapse and the
AIDS patient develops one or more
“opportunistic infections” or cancers
HIV/AIDS
Timeline
HIV/AIDS Timeline
Antibody level
Viral load
Window period –
usually test
negative (~3 mo)
Incubation period (8-10
years ave.)
AIDS
Without effective drug treatments, life expectancy
with AIDS is 1-2 yrs
Topics
• Bacterial Infections: curable with antibiotics
» Chlamydia
» Gonorrhea
» (Syphilis)
• Viral Infections: no cure, but can alleviate or
remove symptoms with medication
» Herpes type 2
» HPV (genital warts)
» Hepatitis B
» HIV/AIDS
• Other STDs
Common
Parasitic STDS
1. Trichomoniasis
• the most common curable STD in young,
sexually active women, especially among
16-35 yrs olds
• an estimated 5 million new cases occur
each year in women and men
• caused by the single-celled protozoan
parasite
• in women, the vagina is the most common
site of infection
• in men, the urethra is the most common
site of infection
• spread through penis-to-vagina intercourse
or vulva-to-vulva contact with an infected
partner
• women can acquire the disease from
infected men or women, whereas men
usually contract it only from infected women
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis
• Most men do not have signs or symptoms. Those that do may have an irritation
inside the penis, mild discharge, a frequent urge to urinate, and a slight burning
after urination or ejaculation.
• Many women do have signs or symptoms of infection. These usually appear
within 5 to 28 days (but up to 6 months) of exposure and include: a frothy, yellowgreen vaginal discharge with a strong odor, pain or discomfort during intercourse
and urination, irritation and itching of the female genital area and, in rare cases,
lower abdominal pain.
Complications?
• In pregnant women, may cause premature rupture of the membranes and preterm
delivery.
• Also increases a woman's risk of acquiring HIV infection if she is exposed to HIV.
Treatment?
• Certain types of antibiotics are very effective at treating (and eliminating) the
parasite
Common
Parasitic STDS
2. Pubic lice (“crabs”or genital “ukus”) (Phthirus pubis)
• Similar to head lice (ukus), but a different species,
usually spread through genital contact
• Can also be contracted from bed linens, towels, or
clothes, as it nits can live for 2-3 days off the body
• Treated with medicated shampoos,
same as head lice
• Can also be transmitted to
eyebrows or eyelashes during oral
sex
For more info
For more information about HIV/AIDS and other STDs –
talk to your doctor, visit a health clinic, contact the HIV Hotline (1-800342-AIDS) or STD Hotline (1-800-227-8922), or visit these Internet sites:
• Planned Parenthood: www.plannedparenthood.org/STI/stis_index.html
• American Social Health Association: www.ashastd.org
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/disease_info.htm
• Quest Diagnostics Incorporated: www.questdiagnostics.com/women
Where can you go on Oahu to get anonymous or confidential
screening for HIV and other STDs?
1. UH Student Health Center
2. STD/AIDS Prevention Branch
Department of Health, Diamond Head Clinic
3627 Kilauea Avenue, #305
Honolulu, HI 96816
(808) 733-9281
3. Waikiki Health Center
277 Ohua Avenue
Honolulu, HI 96815
(808) 922-4787
Review Questions on STDs
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Name three sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are common among men and women
under age 25.
What types of STDs are caused by a bacterial infection?
How are bacterial STDs treated?
What types of STDs are caused by a viral infection?
In what important aspect are viral STDs different from bacterial STDs?
What is currently the most common STD in the US (has the highest number of new cases
annually among men and women combined)?
What types of STDs can result in PID and/or infertility if they are not treated at an early stage?
What types of STDs are often asymptomatic in women? What types are often asymptomatic in
men??
What types of STDs can be transmitted from mother to baby during vaginal delivery?
What types of STDs are known to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer?
What types of STDs are known to increase the risk of contracting HIV from an HIV-infected
person?
What type of STD is preventable by vaccination?
How can HIV be transmitted from one person to another?
How long is the "window period" for HIV (whereby an HIV-infected person may not test positive
for HIV antibodies)? How long is the asymptomatic period?
How does HIV attack and destroy the immune system (CD4 T-cells) of infected individuals?
At what point is an HIV-infected person diagnosed with AIDS?
What is trichomoniasis and how common is it?