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The Renaissance and
Reformation
1300-1650
Why Italy?
The Renaissance in Italy –
Rebirth!
I. Italian City-States
- Birth of the Renaissance
– revival of art (liberal
arts such as grammar,
poetry, rhetoric, painting,
sculpture, architecture,
and music).
- Florence, Milan, Venice,
Genoa, Rome –
Merchant center that
encourage culture.
- Medici’s of Florence –
wealthy merchant family
that translated their
business status into
cultural and political
power – Lorenzo “the
magnificent” (ideal
renaissance politician
and patron of the arts).
II. What was the Renaissance?
- Revival of classical
learning of Greece and
Rome.
- Produced an adventurous
spirit – exploration.
- Humanism – focus on
worldly subjects rather
than religious issues –
reflected through art
(backgrounds, realism)
and architecture (domes,
arches, columns).
Plato:
looks to the
heavens [or
the IDEAL
realm].
Aristotle:
looks to this
earth [the
here and
now].
III. Great Leaders of the
Renaissance
- Leonardo DiVinci – talents in
painting, anatomy,
engineering, botany, music,
etc.
- Famous for the Mona Lisa and
The Last Supper.
- Michelangelo Buonarrotti –
architect, poet, painter,
sculptor, and engineer.
- Famous for the ceiling of the
Sistine chapel and the dome of
St. Peter’s Cathedral.
- Machiavelli – writer who
published The Prince in 1513 –
guide to rulers on how to gain
and maintain power – ruthless
in nature and a realistic look at
politics.
Leonardo DaVinci: Artist
Leonardo DaVinci: Inventor
Leonardo DaVinci: Anatomy
Michelangelo Buonarrotti:
Sculptor
Michelangelo Buonarrotti:
Painter
Architecture: Revival of Rome!
Dome Comparison
The Renaissance Moves North
I. Northern Renaissance
Leaders
- Believed in humanism and
classical learning, but
emphasize religious themes.
- Albrecht Durer – German
Leonardo – traveled to Italy
and learned new techniques
in engravings (religious
based).
- Desideruis Erasmus – Dutch
priest who used his
knowledge of classical
languages to create a Greek
edition of the New Testament
and call for the use of
vernacular –everyday
language.
Wedding Portrait by van Eyck (c. 1434)
I.
Northern Renaissance
Leaders Cont.
- Francois Rabelais – French
writer who uses his novels to
parallel real world events.
- William Shakespeare – English
playwright who was known for
his tragedies and comedies.
- Johann Gutenberg – German
who invented the first printing
press – books are cheaper and
more available and allows for
easy education of the
masses!!!
Protestant Reformation (Protest
for Reform)
I. Abuses of the Church
- Church becomes power
hungry and rich through
corruption.
- People start to educate
themselves in the
Renaissance and learn
that there are other ways
than the Catholic Church!
II. Martin Luther’s Protest
- German monk, Martin
Luther, protested the
corruption of the
church (indulgences
– lessen time in
purgatory that were
given, bought and
sold).
- Wrote the 95 Theses –
arguments against
indulgences, the pope
had no authority, and
faith was the only key
to salvation.
II. Martin Luther’s Protest Cont.
- Printing presses replicated
the Theses; the church
excommunicated him and
created a movement
against Catholicism.
- Beliefs – salvation through
faith, bible as main source,
rejection of clergy
hierarchy, and rejected 5/7
sacraments.
- Lutheran principles spread
throughout Germany –
Charles V tried to force
Catholicism through war –
1555 Peace of Augsburg
– allowed leaders to
decide.
III. John Calvin
- Similar to Luther, he was trained as a
priest and wrote down his Christian
beliefs in the Institutes of the
Christian Religion.
- Believed that faith was key to
salvation, the bible was the only
source, and also that people were
pre-determined (God decided who
will be saved previously).
- Set up a theocracy and Christian
societies that stressed hard work,
thrift, and morality.
- Spread throughout Europe and
threatened the Roman Catholic
Church – John Knox – overthrew
Catholic queen and set up the
Scottish Presbyterian Church.
Reformation Spreads
I. The English Reformation
- Henry VIII – anti-protestant
until he wanted an
annulment (cancel a
marriage) – passed laws
and set up the new
Anglican Church
(Church of England) to
replace the Catholic
Church.
- Created turmoil – later
Queen Elizabeth made a
compromise between the
catholic and Anglican
Church (English instead of
Latin but kept hierarchy of
bishops).
II. Catholic Reformation (Counter
Reformation)
- Effort to revive the moral
authority of the Catholic
Church and end corruption.
- Council of Trent – 1545 reaffirm catholic views and
stop abuses and corruption.
- Inquisition – Church court
that tortured and execute to
root out heretics – also
wrote an index of forbidden
books (Calvin and Luther’s
included).
- Jesuits (order to seek out
heresy and spread
Catholicism) and Teresa of
Avila worked to bring
catholic views to the
mainstream again.
- Religious fervor led to witch
hunts, scapegoating, and
anti-Semitism.
Scientific Revolution
- Copernicus’s heliocentric theory –
sun centered and oval-shaped
system.
- Galileo – telescope that proved
Copernicus’s theory – the
Inquisition questioned him and
forced him to repeal his findings.
- Creation of the scientific method and
the concept of a hypothesis.
- Francis Bacon – pushed for
practical use of science –
experimental methods to learn
about the world!
- Isaac Newton – gravity and laws of
motion.
- Medicine and Chemistry – discovery
of elements and compounds, as
well as a better understanding of
anatomy, the blood system, and
the bodily cells (microscope).