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Industrial Revolution
SOL WHII.8
The Industrial Revolution
began in England, spreading
to the rest of Western Europe
and the United States.
Steam Engine – James Watt
The origin of the Industrial
Revolution was England because:
• England had natural resources like coal and
iron ore
• Invention and improvement of the steam
engine by James Watt– this meant that
steam replaced water as industry’s power
source
In the 1500s and 1600s, public
lands that had been used for
common grazing of animals
began to be enclosed or fenced
off.
The British Enclosure
Movement, forced many farm
workers off their land. Many
moved to the city. This meant an
available work force for the
Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure was part of the
Agricultural Revolution.
Improvements in farming
methods and tools led to
increases in farming efficiency.
With the rise of the factory
system, there was a decrease in
family based cottage industries.
Eli Whitney
The textile industry was the
first industry to begin the factory
system. The cotton gin invented
by Eli Whitney helped provide
the needed supply of clean cotton.
More machines meant a growing
need for iron. Iron and coal
became the two major raw
materials of modern
industry.
Henry Bessemer developed a
process for efficiently making
steel. Steel was much stronger
than iron.
Let’s review advancements in
technology!
• James Watt – Steam engine
• Eli Whitney – Cotton gin
• Henry Bessemer – Process for making
steel
Advancements in science and
medicine altered the lives of
people living in the industrial
cities.
Edward Jenner
Two major advancements in
science and medicine:
• Edward Jenner – developed smallpox
vaccination
• Louis Pasteur – discovered bacteria
Louis Pasteur
Cultural changes soon followed the
Industrial Revolution. Some impacts on
industrialized countries included:
• Population increase
• Growth of the middle class
• Dissatisfaction of working class with
working conditions
• Increased standards of living for many,
though not all
As more people moved to the cities
the following impacts resulted:
•
•
•
•
Urbanization
Improved transportation
Environmental pollution
Increased education
As a result of rising economic
powers, the need for and desire
to control raw materials and
markets, colonialism and
imperialism was accelerated.
With the Industrial Revolution,
came an increased demand
for raw materials from the
Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Capitalism and market
competition fueled the Industrial
Revolution. Wealth increased
the standard of living for some.
Adam Smith stated his views in
his book, Wealth of Nations.
Smith focused on the creation of
wealth, noting the importance of
manufacturing as well as
agriculture.
Hands Off!
Smith felt that markets should be
allowed to adjust themselves
through supply and demand
without government interference.
This theory is known as
laissez faire.
Market competition between
manufacturers will keep prices in
check through supply and
demand. The most efficient
manufacturers will survive in
a market.
As industries and cities grew, a
new well-educated middle
class thrived. Many middle
class could afford to live in larger
homes and were better educated.
Some were dissatisfied with poor
working conditions and the
unequal distribution of wealth in
society.
Socialism and communism
were reactions to the injustices of
capitalism where the rich got rich
and the workers remained poor.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
wrote the Communist Manifesto
and Das Capital in which they said
that the entire capitalist system
should be destroyed.
Communists believed in a
redistribution of wealth in
a classless society so that each
person would receive
everything that was needed.
Agricultural economies were
based on the family unit. The
Industrial Revolution had a
significant impact on the structure
and function of the family.
The Industrial Revolution placed
new demands on the labor of
men, women, and children.
Harsh working conditions
existed with men competing with
women and children for wages.
Women and children entered the
labor force as cheap labor. Child
labor kept costs of
production low and profits
high.
Working conditions, particularly
for women and children greatly
troubled the public. An
introduction of reforms to end
child labor and improve
conditions were started.
Other reforms included an
expansion of education
and increased demands for
women’s suffrage.
The cotton gin increased the
demand for slave labor on
American plantations.
Both the United States and
Britain outlawed the slave trade
and then slavery. In the United
States, this occurred after the
Civil War. This ended slavery as
a labor source.
Owners of mines and factories
who exercised considerable
control over the lives of their
laborers.
Workers organized labor unions
to fight for improved working
conditions and workers’ rights.
Labor unions encouraged workers
to:
• Organize strikes to increase wages and
improve working conditions
• Lobby for laws to improve lives of
workers, including women and children
• Sought collective bargaining between
labor and management
Industrial nations in Europe
needed natural resources and
markets to expand their
economies. No nation wanted to
depend on others for their
resources. This led to
imperialism.
Nationalism motivated European
nations to compete for colonial
possessions. European
economic, military, and political
power forced colonized countries
to trade on European terms.
Forms of imperialism:
• Colonies – nation declares ownership
of the region
• Protectorates – native rulers keep
their titles but officials of the foreign
nation actually control the region
• Spheres of influence – areas where
one country has an interest, and other
nations agree to respect that interest
European nations competed to
control Africa and Asia to secure
their political and economic
success.
European nations divided Africa
Most major European countries
competed for control of Africa.
The European nations divided
Africa into colonies.
Suez Canal
The Egyptian government
allowed France to start building
the Suez Canal. Egypt, however,
had to sale their share of the
Suez Canal to Great Britain
because of financial difficulty.
Through this maneuver and
others, Great Britain gained
control of the Suez Canal and the
area of Sudan.
The British East India
Company controlled a large area
of India. This trading company
treated India as a private colony.
The first Indian nationalist party
was founded in the mid 1800s.
This was due to a rise in
nationalism which sought
eventual self rule for India.
Japan took a different course of
action. Foreigners did not rule in
Japan. Japan controlled its own
government. However, the
Japanese had been influenced by
Western ideas.
Japan was opened to
international trade by an
American trade expedition.
Open the
door to
trade
In the late 19th century, China
was carved into spheres of
influence by European powers.
The United States was concerned
that American merchants would be
excluded from Chinese trade. In
1899 the U. S. government asked
other nations to recognize an Open
Door Policy which would give all
nations equal trade rights to China.
Anti-foreigner movements began
to grow in China. The Boxer
Rebellion was an uprising in
which the Boxers attempted to
destroy anything connected with
outsiders.
Although the Boxer Rebellion
failed to drive foreigners from
China, it did encourage
nationalist sentiments among the
Chinese people.
Industrially produced goods
flooded colonial markets and
displaced their traditional
industries.
Imperialism increased the efforts
of missionaries to spread
Christianity to the colonies.
1. Where did the Industrial
Revolution begin?
England
Why?
Abundance of natural resources
2. Match the inventor to his
invention.
Eli Whitney
Steam engine
Henry Bessemer
Cotton gin
James Watt
Process for
making steel
3. What was the first industry to
experience major industrialization?
The textile industry
4. How did the Agricultural
Revolution effect farming?
It increased efficiency
What did this cause?
Farm workers moved to cities and this
provided a huge work force for
industry.
5. What medical advance did
Jenner develop?
The smallpox vaccination
Who discovered bacteria?
Louis Pasteur
6. What is the “hands off” policy for
government controls that allows the
economy to be determined by the law of
supply and demand?
Laissez faire
What author promoted this in Wealth of
Nations?
Adam Smith
7. Who wrote Communist
Manifesto and Das Capital?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
What did they criticize in these
works?
Capitalism – They felt wealth was
unevenly distributed under this
system.
8. Why did industries use child
labor?
To cut production costs
9. What effect did the cotton gin
have on labor?
It increased the demand for slaves.
What did England and the United States
eventually decide about slaves?
They outlawed the slave trade and then
slavery itself.
10. What company had control
of India and governed it like a
colony?
The British East India Company
12. Which country was carved
into spheres of influence?
China
13. Who colonized and
controlled Africa?
Major European countries
14. What action in China was an
attempt to stop foreigners from
influencing the country?
The Boxer Rebellion
15. Name three ways the labor
union sought change.
Encouraged strikes
Lobbied for laws
Collective bargaining between
labor and management