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Peste des petits ruminants Author: Prof Moritz van Vuuren Adapted from: ROSSITER, P.B., 2004. Peste des Petits Ruminants. In: COETZER, J.A.W. & & TUSTIN, R.C. (eds). Infectious Diseases of Livestock Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. Synonyms which made differential diagnosis difficult. However, Goat plague, Kata (a vernacular west-African name), clinical disease caused by rinderpest virus in small pseudorinderpest, ruminants was a relatively rare event, and will likely not and stomatitis-pneumo-enteritis complex. be seen again as a result of the eradication of rinderpest. Introduction Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a disease of goats, There is an incubation period of 3-4 days during which sheep and closely related wild members of the family the virus replicates in the draining lymph nodes of the Bovidae, and is clinically and pathologically similar to oro-pharynx before spreading via the blood and lymph the now extinct rinderpest. In the areas where it occurs to other tissues and organs. The characteristic signs it is the most economically important virus disease that begin with fever and a serous nasal discharge that affects small ruminants. The chronological sequence of becomes mucopurulent. Other signs include a profuse new reports of PPR points to the fact that the virus has catarrhal conjunctivitis with matted eyelids, necrotic spread steadily eastwards from its origin in West Africa, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and bronchopneumonia. and more recently southwards on the continent of Africa. Salient features of PPR Peste des petits ruminants virus causes an acute febrile illness in small ruminant species, mostly sheep and goats, with the highest pathogenicity in goats. It is an economically important disease and can cause mortality rates of 50-80% in naïve populations. In areas Hyperaemia and congestion of the conjunctiva where the disease is endemic, the most severely affected animals are those from 4 to 24 months-of-age. Antelope and other small wild ruminants species in captivity can also be severely affected. The virus is classified in the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus is antigenically very similar to rinderpest virus and the clinical signs are similar to rinderpest in cattle, Severe purulent nasal exudate Where does PPR occur? The renewed spread of PPR in Africa and the Middle The disease occurs in Africa, the Middle East and the East has not only to do with biological factors, but is Indian subcontinent. In Africa it is known to be present also considered to be influenced by deteriorating in a broad belt of sub-Saharan Africa between the standards in national veterinary services in many Equator and Sahara desert including the Horn of countries. Changes in government priorities have lead Africa. During the late 1980s, the disease spread to the to decreased funding and a restructuring which has Arabian Peninsula, throughout most of the Middle- disrupted national veterinary services. Eastern countries, and eastwards. Outbreaks of PPR are now known to be common in India, Nepal, Prevention and control Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and since July The control of PPR is dependent on zoosanitary 2007 in Tibet (China). According to sero-surveys, PPR measures and vaccination. The former may variously virus had already been circulating in Kenya and include quarantine of infected premises, villages or Uganda during the 1980's but has been officially areas; cleaning and disinfection of infected premises; declared to the OIE as endemic in Kenya since 16 May movement control in general, including transhumance; 2007, and in Uganda since 10 Aug 2007. The disease and stamping out in the event of new introductions. is now (2013) recognized as also being present in the Eradication of PPR in the endemic areas is not Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola. currently viewed as feasible as a result of the risk of reinfection from neighbouring regions, and would require serious regional coordination and collaboration. Vaccination represents the most important procedure for the control of PPR. As a result of the close antigenic relationships, attenuated rinderpest vaccines have been used to protect sheep and goats against PPR. Today attenuated PPR vaccines are available and are manufactured and marketed in African and Asia. Recombinant poxvirus vaccine and chimeric rinderpest Global distribution of PPR prior to its southern migration into Tanzania, DRC and Angola between 2007 and 2012 What triggers an outbreak of PPR? Transmission of PPR requires close contact and the movement of live animals are the main means of spread. The virus is present in ocular, nasal, and oral secretions as well as faeces. Most infections occur through inhalation of aerosols from sneezing and coughing animals. Animals may be infectious during the incubation period. There is no known carrier state. There is controversy over whether fomites can play a role in transmission of PPR virus as it is a labile virus sensitive to environmental influences. virus vaccine were developed during the first decade of this century, but their wide scale use has not yet materialized.