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The effects of substrate types on species diversity Michelle Johnson, Amanda Jeanson, Marshall Elsemore, & Aneri Garg Outline ● ● ● ● ● ● Background Hypothesis Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Study Site Physical and Biological Stress ● Wave exposure ● Competition ● * Tidal height * ● Predation Substrate Cover Substrate Type Proportion on large islands and mainland of Quoddy Region (%) Bedrock 35.2 Coarse Sediment 55.1 Mud 9.2 Salt Marsh 0.5 Substrate Impact - Sand ● Sand/Mud: o Heavily modified by tides, wind, storm surges o Less vegetation o Low-medium diversity o Burrowing organisms Substrate Impact - Cobbles ● Cobbles: o Colliding rock and debris from wave action o Diversity dependent on local features & positioning o Low species diversity Substrate Impact - Rock ● Bedrock: o Development of tide pools and crevices o Promote high diversity o Mediate thermal stress Hypothesis ● Difference in diversity between all 3 substrate types ● Highest diversity on rocky substrate H0 :There is no difference in diversity between all 3 substrate types Materials • • • • 100m measuring tape 1m square quadrat Ziploc bags for species collection Camera Methods • 2 transects were set up at separate locations based on differences in: • Vegetation cover • Wave action • Substrate size • Ten quadrats were placed along each transect. Methods Cont’d • Each organism found was collected, while taking note if the specimen found was present on the surface of the substrate or underneath the flora cover. • G. oceanicus and B. balanus were unable to be collected due to difficulties in handling their large numbers. Different Substrate Types ● Large Rocks ● Cobbles ● Sand Analysis ● Species richness ● Species diversity o o Shannon-Wiener Index Simpson`s Index ● Cochran`s Q Test o Nominal data *Scuds and barnacles removed from the analysis Results Continued Results Table 1: Species diversity for different substrate Species Richness Shannon-Weiner Index Simpson`s Index Boulders Cobbles Sand 8 2 1 0.657 0.276 0 3.5 1.8 1 Statistics ● Cochran`s Q Test o X2 = 0.503 o X2crit(.05, 8) = 14.067, and p < .05 o Reject the null hypothesis A difference in diversity between substrate Accepting our Hypotheses Results supported our hypotheses: • Diversity on the three substrates differed and that with the highest species diversity was indeed found on the large rock substrate (aka boulders) Implications with past Literature High Diversity within Large Rocks Bertness (2006) • Muscle bed protection from physical factors • Diversity: crabs, limpets Seed (1996) • • Species evenness allows few abundant species Leads to increased diversity Peterson (1991) • Availability of rock space controls diversity levels and not prey availability • Our experiment suggests: • Prey availability competition leads to lower levels of diversity than competition for space Implications with past Literature Low Diversity within Sand/Rock Donovan and Tyrell (2005) • • Ease in modification of this substrate from high winds, waves and storms lower diversity in this substrate Species that live in this substrate tend to be burrowing species. • Burrow for protection Limitations • One sampling site: Physical factors skew data • Equipment: Inability to count all species in Quadrats • Tide Movement: Inconsistent tide levels in the two sampling sites. Conclusion • This experiment looked to: • show a difference in diversity based on the type of substrate sampled. • Our results showed: • A difference in diversity between the three substrates investigated in this experiment. • Increased diversity on large rock substrates (boulders). • **The results supported work found in past literature and supported diversity theories mentioned. • This Experiment Demonstrated: • Substrate type seems to have an effect on species diversity (although many other factors also play a role).