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Transcript
Classification and the Diversity of Life Three-Domain System Alternative to Six-Kingdom System Because all organisms have ribosomes, rRNA molecules can be used to study the relationships between any two organisms. Early System of Taxonomy Aristotle (2000 yrs ago) – Used 2 kingdoms • Plant –Herbs –Shrubs –Trees • Animal –Land-dwelling –Air-dwelling –Water-dwelling Early System cont’d Polynomial system (Middle Ages) – Biologists added a series of (up to 12) descriptive terms to the name of the genus when they wanted to refer to a particular kind of organism. – Too cumbersome! – For example: • European honeybee was called Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) the “Father of Modern Taxonomy” Based his system of classification on morphology Created the system of Binomial Nomenclature – For example: • European honeybee became: Apis mellifera (genus, species) Linnaeus’ Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum / Division Class Order Family Genus Species Systematic Taxonomy Classifies organisms within the context of evolution Uses evidence of evolution to create a phylogenetic tree: – The fossil record – Morphology – Embryology – Similarities in DNA Six Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Unicellular No nucleus – Prokaryotic Attain nutrients in various ways: – Saprophytic – Parasitic – Chemosynthetic Protists Usually uni-cellular Nucleus present (Eukaryotic) Autotrophic (algae) or heterotrophic Reproduce asexually and some also reproduce sexually Examples of Protists: Plasmodium (malaria) Trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness) Green algae Red algae Slime mold Paramecium Amoeba Giant Kelp Fungi Eukaryotic Non-photosynthetic (no chlorophyll) – Saprophytic or parasitic No root, stem or leaf Reproduce by forming spores Examples of Fungi: Yeast Bread mold Mushrooms Lichens Penicillum (produce the antibiotic) Microsporum (ringworm) Trichophtyon (Athlete’s foot) Animals Phylum Chordata: • Subphylum Urochordata • Subphylum Cephalochordata • Subphylum Vertebrata 10 Phyla of Invertebrates: – Examples: Cnidaria, Mollusca,Nematoda. Animals-- Key Characteristics Multi-cellular Heterotrophic No cell walls 1. Invertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates 2. Vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata) Divided into 7 Classes: 1) Bony Fish 2) Amphibians 3) Reptiles 4) Birds 5) Mammals 6) Lampreys & Hagfishes 7) Sharks, Rays, & Skates a. Bony Fish Have jaws and a bony skeleton Cold-blooded Have scales Streamline body for easy movement through water Fins for balance and to control movement Gills for breathing External fertilization b. Amphibians Cold-blooded Skin is thin and permeable to water. External fertilization Lay eggs in water Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs c. Reptiles Cold-blooded Scales Live on land Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs d. Birds Warm-blooded Feathers Wings Beaks Lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs e. Mammals Warm-blooded Hairs on skin Females produce milk Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies f. Lampreys & Hagfishes Elongated, eel-like bodies Lack jaws Have paired fins and a bony skeleton g. Sharks, Rays, & Skates Have jaws and paired fins. Skeleton is made of cartilage E. Plants Eukaryotic Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis – Autotrophic Can be divided into three groups: 1. Non-vascular plants 2. Vascular, seedless plants 3. Vascular, seed plants 1. Non-vascular plants Lack vascular tissue and do not have true roots, stems, and leaves. Reproduce by spores 3 Phyla: – Moss (Bryophyta) – Liverworts (Hepatophyta) – Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) 2. Vascular, seedless plants Have true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues (phloem and xylem) Reproduce by spores Live in damp places Vascular, seedless plants cont’d 4 Phyla: – Whisk Ferns – Club mosses – Horsetails – Ferns 3. Vascular, seed plants Two groups: – Gymnosperms – Angiosperms Gymnosperms Reproduction by producing seeds – Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits naked seeds Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss Angiosperms (flowering plants) Have flowers for reproduction Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary) Three-Domain System cont’d Domain Archaea (= Kingdom Archaebacteria) Domain Bacteria (= Kingdom Eubacteria) Domain Eukarya (= Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia)