Download The end of the Middle Ages

The End of the Middle Ages
The stage is set for the
Reformation
The World is Changing
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During the High Middle Ages there was a
strong papacy. Roman families no longer
elect the pope. College of Cardinals is
established.
 Cardinal> from the Italian for Hinge. Literally
the Hinge Men into the papacy
 The building of Cathedrals
 The creation of European universities
But also:
The split between the Eastern and Western
churches.
The Crusades
The End of the Middle Ages
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The Black Death
1/3 of Europe dies
Fleas on the back
of rats
Symptoms show
within 7 days.
Swollen glands
Coughing and
blood.
The mind of the people
The Church couldn’t
help
 Doctors couldn’t help
 No known cure
 Death, fear, hostile
mobs.
 Death is everywhere
and influences art,
music, folklore and
People’s religious sense
too.
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Review pg 181
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Describe briefly the
effects of the Black
Death on Europe
 What was the
typical relationship
between the
Avignon popes and
the French kings?
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What message did
Catherine of Siena
bring to Pope
Gregory XI?
 What was the Great
Papal Schism?
Avignon Papacy
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Philip of France gets
Pope Clement V
(FR.)elected
C.V. Moves to Avignon,
France!
70 years-7 popes
Puppets of the French
King!
The papacy absent
from Rome was
disturbing to many
?Christians in Europe
Avignon Papacy
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The move to
Avignon drained the
church treasury.
 French popes
resorted to simony
to support the
lavish life at the
Avignon court
 The English were
resentful of a
papacy controlled
by the French.
The Western Schism
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Gregory XI returns to
Rome in 1376*
( Catherine’s influence?)
 He dies and there is
mob pressure to elect
a pope. Urban VI.
 Cardinals felt pressure
so deny the election
and elect Clement VII.
 Neither was willing to
give up his claim to the
throne of St. Peter
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*picture: Gregory XI
Catherine of Siena
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1347-1380
While in prayer she
understood that
God wanted the
pope back in Rome.
 The people needed
this reassurance
and only in Rome
could a pope
negotiate peace
between England
and France
What is a Mystic?
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A mystic is one who, above all else in life,
desires to know, not in the intellectual sense
of knowing, the deepest Truth of existence.
A mystic is one who senses more to life than
making a living or being of service in the
world although these things are both
necessary and good. The mystic, however,
is looking beyond an exclusive or
preoccupied focus on these survival or selfactualization to something more.
What is a Mystic?

A mystic is looking to discover the deepest
truth of our being as incarnate souls; to
understand our greatest potential as
reflections of God; to realize our wholeness
within the ground of all. The primary interest
in life for the mystic is to discover truth, to
know God, to see into humanities whole
nature. The mystic sees all of life as an
abundant opportunity to discover, realize,
and express the Divine.
Catherine’s Words
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Holy Church should return to her first
condition, poor, humble, and meek as she
was in the holy time when men took note of
nothing but the honor of God and the
salvation of souls..For ever since she (the
Church) has aimed more at
temporal(earthly) than spiritual, things have
gone from bad to worse…
Return to Rome..let not your holy desire fail on
account of any scandal or rebellion of cities
which you might see or hear.
Be manly in my sight, and not timorous
( fearful)
The Western Schism
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Europe splits into 2
camps. Some for
Clement VII*
>Avignon
 Eng. Gm. For
Urban VI> Rome
 Get this! Some
cardinals elect
another as a
compromise.
Alexander V.
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* Picture: Clement VII
The Western Schism
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Alexander V makes it 3
popes!
 Concern> Which one
do we listen to?
 At the Council of
Constance1414-1418
 One resigned, one
declared to be false ,
the third abdicated(
Gregory XII legit)
 Martin V accepted by
all*
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Picture: Martin V
The World is Changing
Commerce is on the upswing.
 New emerging middle class which
thought more independently
 Renaissance>”rebirth” of Greek
learning, stressed the human more
than the divine. The “medieval person”
looked heavenward. The “renaissance
person” focused on human creative
efforts
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The World is Changing
The church no longer looked on as the
ONLY source of beauty, wisdom and
guidance
 Many popes were infected by the spirit
of the Renaissance and were more
worldly than spiritual.
 For Example…….
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…Pope Alexander VI
His papacy was
marked by:
Nepotism, simony,
military expeditions,
political and
financial intrigue
and even
Murder!
Popes like this did not
shed a good light
on the church
Review questions Page 184
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List 3 positive Renaissance developments
that were started or encouraged by popes
 What was the significance of Gutenberg’s
printing press for cultural and religious
development?
>What invention in our own time
would you say has had a
similar impact on society?
 What behaviors of
Renaissance popes made
Christians ashamed of them?
Worship> Late Middle Ages
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The theology of the Eucharist emphasizes,
above all, the real presence of Christ in the
consecrated elements of bread and wine.
Transubstantiation= the bread and wine are
changed into the body and blood of Christ.
Awareness of the transubstantiation and the
real presence generated a great sense of
reverence.
This sense of reverence inhibited laypeople
from participating in the mass.
They watched from afar
Watching from afar…
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Cathedrals are large
spaces and the lay
people were already
far from the altar
Priest has his back to
the people and
sometimes behind a
screen.
Longed for a glimpse
of the host
Rarely received
communion.
Devotion to Saints
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As the mass did not
involve people much
they found a way to
express their faith
through a devotion to
the Saints.
Awareness of the holy
examples of those who
have gone before us.
We do not worship
saints
Relics> physical
reminders
The saints remind us of
God’s love for us.
Indulgences
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ARE:
Privileges that offer the
release from the
purification of the soul
that occurs in
purgatory.
A way for people,
through prayer and
fasting to purify
themselves for the next
life.
Must be contrite
Must be officially
sanctioned by the
church
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ARE NOT:
 A free pass to
heaven
 Something a
person can buy
 Something the
Church no longer
practices
Review ?’s 188
What aspects of how the Mass was
celebrated in the Late Middle Ages
reduced the laity’s
participation?
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What are indulgences?
How were they abused
in medieval times?
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