Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Algoman orogeny wikipedia , lookup
Composition of Mars wikipedia , lookup
Plate tectonics wikipedia , lookup
History of geology wikipedia , lookup
Large igneous province wikipedia , lookup
Age of the Earth wikipedia , lookup
Geochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Tectonic–climatic interaction wikipedia , lookup
Earth’s Structure KEY VOCABULARY GEOLOGY • STUDY OF PLANET EARTH’S HISTORY, STRUCTURE, AND COMPOSITION • A GEOLOGIST IS A SCIENTIST WHO STUDIES THE EARTH • UNIFORMITARIANISM IS THE COCEPT THAT THE PROCESS THAT HAPPEN TODAY ARE THE SAME AS THE ONES THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST EARTH’S LAYERS • CRUST: ROCKY OUTER LAYER THAT WE LIVE ON. • CONTINENTAL CRUST: LAND • OCEANIC CRUST: OCEAN SEA FLOOR • THE CRUST RANGES FROM 5-75 KILOMETERS IN THICKNESS MANTLE • A LAYER OF HOT, SOLID ROCK, ROUGHLY 2850 KILOMETERS THICK • LITHOSPHERE: RIGID LAYER OF ROCK AT THE UPPERMOST PORTION OF THE MANTLE • ASTHENOSPHERE: SOFTER, WEAKER ROCK THAT FLOWS SMOOTHLY • MESOSPHERE: STIFFER ROCK EXTENDS DOWN TO THE CORE CORE • LARGE METAL SPHERE OF METAL IN THE EARTH’S CENTER • 3480 KILOMETERS THICK • MOSTLY THOUGHT TO BE IRON AND NICKEL • OUTER CORE IS LIQUID METAL • INNER CORE IS SOLID MINERALS • ROCK: SOLID COMBINATION OF MINERALS • MINERAL: NATURALLY OCCURING, INORGANIC SOLID WITH A CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION • INORGANIC: LIVING THINGS DID NOT PRODUCE THE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE: ATOMS ARE ARRANGED IN A GEOMETRIC PATTERN • COLOR: IDENTIFIES MINERALS • STREAK: COLOR OF IT POWDER OR SCRATCH • LUSTER: HOW IT REFLECTS LIGHT • DENSITY: DEPENDS ON ATOMIC MASSES CHARACTERICTICS CONT. • HARDNESS: RESISTANCE OF A MINERAL TO SCRATCHING • FRACTURE: HOW THE MINERAL BREAKS • CLEAVAGE: TYPE A FRACTURE THAT IS REGULAR ALONG A WELL-DEFINED PLANE IGNEOUS ROCK • ROCK IS FORMED WHEN MAGMA COOLS AND SOLIDFIES EITHER AT THE SURFACE OR INSIDE THE EARTH • FORMED BY MAGMA, MOLTEN ROCK AND GAS • LAVA IS MAGMA THAT FLOW FROM VOLCANOS • INTRUSIVE: UNDERGROUND HARDENED ROCK • EXTRUSIVE: FORMS AT EARTH’S SURFACE SEDIMENTARY ROCK • FORMS OVER TIME AS SEDIMENT IS DEPOSITED, SQUEEZED, AND CEMENTED TOGETHER • SEDIMENT IS SMALL, SOLID PIECES OF MATERIAL THAT COMES FROM ROCK OR LIVING ORGANISMS • CLASTIC ROCK: BROKEN FRAGMENTS OF MANY ROCKS CEMENTED TOGETHER • CHEMICAL ROCK: MINERALS PRECIPITATE OUT OF SOLUTION • ORGANIC ROCK: FORMED FROM DEAD ORGANISMS METAMORPHIC ROCK • ROCK THAT IS CHANGED BY PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, OR REACTIONS FROM HOT WATER • FOLIATED ROCKS: ROCKS THAT HAVE PARALLEL BANDS OR LAYERS ROCK CYCLE • A SERIES OF PROCESSES IN WHICH ROCKS CONTINUOUSLY CHANGE FORM PLATE TECTONICS • THEORY THAT EXPLAINS THE FORMATION AND MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH’S PLATES • PANGAEA: ALL LAND • CONTINENTAL DRIFT: EXPLAINS HOW CONTINENTS FIT TOGETHER • MID-OCEAN RIDGE: CHAIN OF UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS • SEA-FLOOR SPREADING: NEW OCEAN IS CREATED AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES AS OLDER CRUST MOVES AWAY • SUBDUCTION: OCEANIC PLATES SINK INTO THE MANTLE • TRENCH: BENDING OF PLATES AT SUBDUCTION ZONES FORMING A DEPRESSION BOUNDARIES • DIVERGENT BOUNDARY: WHEN PLATES MOVE APART • CONVERGENT BOUNDARY: WHEN PLATES MOVE TOGETHER • TRANSFORM BOUNDARY: PLATES SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER EARTHQUAKE • MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE ROCKS SUDDENLY SHIFT • SEISMIC WAVES: SMALL AMOUNTS OF ENERGY RELEASED CARRIED BY VIBRATIONS • TSUNAMI: LARGE SEA WAVE GENERATED BY AN UNDERWATER EARTHQUAKE, VOLCANO, OR LANDSLIDE • STRESS: FORCE THAT SQUEEZES ROCK TOGETHER, STRECTHES THEM, OR PUSHES THEM IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS • FAULT: BREAK IN THE MASS OF THE ROCK ALONG WHICH MOVEMENT OCCURS • FOLD: BEND IN THE LAYERS OF ROCK EARTHQUAKES • OCCUR BECAUSE STRESS FACTORS EXCEED THE STRENGTH OF THE ROCK • FOCUS: WHERE THE EARTHQUAKE BEGINS • EPICENTER: EARTH’S SURFACE DIRESTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS • P-WAVE: LONGINTUDINAL WAVES • S-WAVE: TRANSVERSE WAVES • SURFACE WAVES: WAVES DEVELOPING AT EARTH’S SURFACE, LONGER, CAUSES MORE DAMAGE MEASUREMENT • EARTHQUAKES ARE MEASURED WITH SIESMOGRAPHS WHICH DETECT AND RECORD SEISMIC WAVES • RICHTER SCALE, MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE, AND MODIFEID MERCALLI SCALE IDENTIFY HOW MUCH ENERGY IS RELEASED