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Grammar Nouns • Person, place, thing or idea • Common nouns- general nouns (cookie, boy, car, school) • Proper nouns- name of something (Mr. Heckler, Toyota, Power Rangers, Star Wars) – Always capitalized Nouns • Appositive- a noun that renames another noun (in a sentence) – Give me that book, Star Wars- Return of the Jedi, right now! • Star Wars- Return of the Jedi renames book Pronouns • Pronouns replace or take the place of nouns – I, he, she, me – Her, him, their – Hers, his, theirs, its • Antecedents- is what the pronoun is referring to or replacing in a sentence – Aaron sharpened his pencil. Verbs • Shows action or something exists – Action Verb- shows some kind of action • Walk, talk, speak, run, – Linking Verb- links the subject to something else • Acts like an = sign • Is, are, were, am, • Sense words – Helping verb • When you have a linking verb in front of an action verb • She is helping him Adjectives • Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun – The ugly car. – The pretty girl. – The handsome man drove the fast motorcycle. Adverbs • Describe or modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. – She did well. – The very ugly boy. – The super nice teacher drove too fast. Articles • • • • Part of the adjective family- 3 of them THE A AN Interjection • Shows strong emotion or surprise. • Hey!!! What are you doing? • Whoa! that is awesome!!! Conjunction • Conjunctions connect words or groups of words together. Conjunctions • Coordinating Conjunctions- coordinates 2 words or clauses in a sentence. – And – But – Or – Nor – For – So – yet Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions- must be used together to join words or clauses. – Either/or – Neither/ nor – Both/ and – Not only/ but also – Whether/ or Conjunctions • Subordinating Conjunctions- conjunction at the beginning of the clause and starts a dependent clause – Start a dependent clause – They are usually words that are adverbs or prepositions – After, since, when, where, before, until, as much as, because, unless, in order that, though, although, if, that, while so, how, than Prepositions • Is a word or group of words that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun that follows it and another word in the sentence. • (The doghouse or anywhere a mouse can go) • Common Prepositions – In, on, through, around, over, under • The dog went over the fence. • I hid the chocolate in the cracker box. Preposition • Prepositional phrase- group of words that starts with the preposition and ends with the object of the preposition. • Object of the preposition- noun or pronoun that is related to the preposition. • The dog went over the fence. • I hid the chocolate in the cracker box. Subject & Predicate • Subject- the nouns or pronouns in the sentence – The who or what in the sentence • Predicate- the verb and everything after it – What’s being done in the sentence. Clauses • Independent- have a subject and a predicate and can stand alone • Dependent- have a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand alone. Sentences • Simple- 1 independent clause – Mr. Holbrook went to the store. • Compound- 2 or more independent clauses – Mr. Holbrook went to the store, and Mrs. Holbrook went to school. • Complex- a sentence with an independent clause and a dependent clause – Although Mr. Holbrook wanted to go to the football game, he stayed home. Objects • Direct object- receives the action of the verb MUST HAVE ACTION VERB!!! • Subject + predicate = Direct Object • The boy passed the ball. – What was passed Ball Objects • Indirect objects- identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed – Who or what receives the Direct Object – MUST HAVE ACTION VERB!!! – MUST HAVE DIRECT OBJECT!!! Mr.Holbrook gave Jimmy the notes. – Gave- action verb – Notes- direct object – Jimmy- indirect object Predicate Adjectives • Predicate adjectives follow a linking verb and describes the subject • MUST HAVE A LINKING VERB!!! Mr. Holbrook is funny. – Is- linking verb – Funny- adjective that describes Mr. Holbrook Predicate Nominatives • Predicate nominatives follow a linking verb and tells us what the subject is (nouns and pronouns)