Download Chapter 6.4 - World History

Taylor Burriss
Saad Khan
Savanah Tran
Cristina Terrazas
Ryan Willmore
HWH 10
Period 3
Fall 2011
GHCHS
10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of
philosophers and their effects on the
democratic revolutions in England, the
United States, France, and Latin America.

Thomas Jefferson
• Major Enlightenment thinker
• Supported free speech and religious freedom -Voltaire
• Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776
Chapter 6.4

James Madison
• Known as the “Father of the Constitution”
• Fourth president of the United States
• Designed the plan of the Constitution
 Three Branches of Government -Montesquieu
 Executive, Legislative, and Judicial
 Federal System
 Separation of powers between federal (central) government
and states (local) government
Prologue .4
•
John Locke:
• English philosopher who wrote Two Treaties of Government in
1690
• Believed people were born free and equal with the rights of
life, liberty, and property.
• Disagreed with the idea of the divine right of kings as he
believed the government’s power should come from the
people.
• Inspired revolutions in North and South America and Europe.
Chapter 6 + Prologue
Locke’s book stated
that the English
people had the right
to overthrow King
James II as he failed
to protect their
rights.

Charles-Louis Montesquieu:
• French philosopher who wrote On the Spirit of Laws in 1748.
• Created the idea of checks and balances and the idea of
separation of powers.
• His idea of separation of powers made 3 branches in the
government which were the executive branch which enforces
laws, the legislative branch which made the laws, and the
courts which interpreted the laws.
• Believed that Britain was the best governed country during his
time as they had 3 branches of government.
• Influenced British colonies in North America and his ideas
influenced the U.S. Constitution.
Chapter 6 + Prologue
10.2.1

Jean Jacques Rousseau:
• Wrote The Social Contract in 1762 in which he supported the
idea of democracy.
• Believed that a government should be formed from the consent
of the governed.
• Inspired leaders of the French revolution
• Agreed with John Locke’s ideas
Rousseau said that citizens
should be able to vote for
leaders who would be best for
everyone and that by doing this,
they would make a good
government.
Chapter 6 + Prologue

Simón Bolívar:
• A Venezuelan creole who was nicknamed “El Libertador” and
“The George Washington of South America”
• His goal was to unite all of South America into a country called
Gran Colombia.
• He led Venezuela to independence in 1821 after being exiled
twice.
• He believed America to be ungovernable.
Chapter 8
This statue shows Simón
Bolívar with the flag of
Venezuela because he led
Venezuela to victory and
for that he is thought to be
a great general and
fighter.
List the principles of the Magna Carta, the
English Bill of Rights (1689), the American
Declaration of Independence (1776), The
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights
(1791)


The Magna Carta (1215):
• Limited the power of King John
• The foundation of due process of law (no citizen may be denied
their legal rights)
Principles:
• Prohibited king from taking taxes without a council’s consent
• Prohibited the seizure of property by the king
• The right to due process (trial by jury)
• Separation of church and state


English Bill of Rights (1689):
•
Limited power of the king
•
Established a representative government (group of elected
citizens who make laws for the people)
•
Free elections for Parliament
Limits to Power:
•
Prohibited excessive fines
•
Forbade cruel and unusual punishment
•
Gave citizens the right to petition the King
Chapter 5.5


American Declaration of Independence (1776):
• Influenced by enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke
• Declared separation from Britain
Principles:
• Unalienable rights (rights a government cannot take away)
-Locke
• Popular sovereignty (governments get consent from the
citizens)
• Natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) -Locke
Chapter 6.4


French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789):
• Influenced by enlightenment ideas and the Declaration of
Independence
• Formed after the French Revolution
Principles:
• Natural rights (liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression) -Locke
• Freedom of speech and religion -Voltaire
• “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
Chapter 7.2


U.S. Bill of Rights (1791):
• Created to limit the government’s power
• Influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the English Bill of Rights
Principles:
• Gave citizens freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly
-Voltaire
• Guaranteed trial by jury
• Protection from cruel and unusual punishment
• Ensured due process of law
Chapter 6.4
U.S. citizens
exercise their right
to freedom of
speech as
guaranteed in the
Bill of Rights
Understand the unique character of the
American Revolution, its spread to the other
parts of the world and its continuing
significance to other nations

Causes
• Navigation Acts
 Colonists couldn’t sell their valuable products to anyone
except the British
 Colonists had to pay higher taxes on French/Dutch imports
• Stamp Act
 Colonists were forced to pay a tax on wills, deeds,
newspapers, and all other printed materials
Chapter 6.4
The colonists
protested the
king with the
saying, “No
taxation without
representation”

The Revolution Spreads
• Many Latin American countries now sculpted their constitution
like the United States as a republic such as, Haiti, Venezuela,
Chile, Peru and Mexico.
Pancho Villa and his troops
used the railroad as a
means to fight for a new
constitution in Mexico
Chapter 6.4
Explain how the ideology of the French
Revolution led France to develop from
constitutional monarchy to democratic
despotism to the Napoleonic Empire




The ideology of the French Revolution: to gain equality
between classes
At an attempt to expand France’s boundaries, Louis XIV
imposed new taxes to pay for the constant warfare
France was divided in Three estates
The strive for equality motivated the Third Estate to work
towards making commoners equal to nobility
The picture depicts the social classes
of pre-revolutionary
France. The men riding the old man
represent
The First and Second Estate while the
elderly man represents
The Third Estate supporting the other
two estates
Section 7.1 of the textbook

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A National Assembly formed to take away privileges from the First
and Second Estate
The National Assembly successfully limited the monarchy, taking
away much of a king’s authority (constitutional monarchy)
Food shortages and government debt still remained in France
The new government split into three groups: Radicals Moderates
and Conservatives
Another radical political organizations, known as the Jacobins,
caused a number of changes in the government
One Jacobin leader, Maximillien Robespierre, assumed control. His
reign was known as the Reign of Terror
A painting of the National Assembly by
Jacques Louis-David

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Robespierre started eliminating enemies of the republic with use
of the guillotine.
Allowing this type of rule of agreement is considered to be
democratic despotism
A group of anti-republicans turned on Robespierre, having him
executed and bringing the end of the Reign of Terror
Anti-republicans agreed allowing people to self-rule could not
hold a stable government
They found a military general who could lead the French army
named Napoleon Bonaparte
A picture of a guillotine used to
execute enemies of the republic

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Napoleon was a strong military commander, winning many battles
He won so many battles that eventually he gained enough support
to crown himself emperor, also symbolizing his power greater than
the church
Napoleon lead France away from democracy during his reign as
much of the power went to him as emperor
Napoleon, however, did keep the goals of the revolution, including
unity between the government and the governed.
His Napoleonic code gave the country a uniform set of laws
A picture of Napoleon
Bonaparte in a heroic pose
painted by
Jacques Louis-David
Discuss how nationalism spread across
Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for
a generation under the Congress of Vienna
and Concert of Europe until the revolutions
of 1848.
• Napoleon
Born in 1769 in Corsica
Joined the Army of the rebels during the revolution
Became a hero after defending the National Convention
Urged to seize power after winning battles in Europe and
Egypt
 Although he actually lost in Egypt, it was not reported
 He did in the form of a coup d’etat (blow to the state)
 A plebiscite vote of the people was held to approve a new
constitution and his rule
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
Chapter 7.3
• Napoleon believed that his greatest work was the Napoleonic
Code of laws
• Becomes Emperor in 1804
o Napoleon’s Downfall:
 Only major loss in race to conquer Europe was at Trafalgar
 This loss ensured British naval superiority and kept him
from invading England
Chapter 7.3
This map illustrates
the British strategy
of splitting the
French and
Spanish fleet in half
in the Battle of
Trafalgar


Napolean’s Downfall (cont.):
• Napoleon set up a blockade
 Closed trading ports and kept Britain from trading
 Called it the continental system
 Cut Britain off from the rest of the continent
Nationalism (loyalty to one’s own country) caused Spanish fighters
to rebel
• Known as Guerillas for their tactics
Chapter 7.4
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

Napolean’s Downfall (Cont.):
The Peninsular War
• Known because of Spain’s location on the Iberian Peninsula
• Napoleon lost many troops, weakening his army
Plans to invade Russian with 420,000 troops
• Resorts to Scorched Earth Policy
 Burning of land and killing livestock to ruin an area’s
economy and morale
• Burn Moscow, where the army rests until winter
Chapter 7.4
This painting depicts
the bitter cold French
troops faced in their
retreat from Moscow

Napolean’s Downfall (Cont.):
• Marches 410,000 troops to die in the Russian Campaign
• Attacked by major European Powers after losing those wars
and is defeated after the Battle of Leipzig
• Banished to Elba, but escapes
 Begins to rebuild his army and plans to conquer Europe
 Period known as the Hundred Days
• Defeated at the battle of Waterloo in Belgium
Chapter 7.4
The Battle of
Waterloo was
Napoleon’s last
effort to regain
dictatorship in
France.

Congress of Vienna
• The 5 great powers of Europe met to establish peace
• Austrian prince/foreign minister Klemens von Metternich was
the most influential person there
• Developed the balance of power to make sure no country
would be a threat to the others
• Used legitimacy to restore pre-napoleon rulers
• Set up the Holy alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia using
Christian principles to combat revolution
• The Concert of Europe ensured that countries would help
others combat revolution, which prevented nationalism-based
revolutions for 100 years