Download Introduction to Human Anatomy

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Introduction to Human Anatomy
ANATOMY ?
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Anatomy is one of the cornerstones of a doctor’s medical education.
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What is being taught today may differ in content significantly from the past but
the methods used to teach this have not really changed that much
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It includes the study of those structures that can be seen grossly (without the aid
of magnification) and microscopically (with the aid of magnification).
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Typically, when used by itself, the term 'anatomy' tends to mean gross or
macroscopic anatomy.
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Microscopic anatomy, also called 'histology', is the study of cells and tissues using
a microscope
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Embryology, Molecular Biology, Histochemistry … were included
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Sectional Anatomy, Radiologic Anatomy, Surgical Anatomy … are evolving
How can gross anatomy be studied?
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Prosection:
A prosection is the dissection of a cadaver (human or animal) or part of a cadaver
by an experienced anatomist in order to demonstrate for students anatomic
structure
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Dissection:
Dissection (also called anatomization) is usually the process of disassembling and
observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning
the functions and relationships of its components.
The anatomical position:
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This position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the
location of structures
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Standing upright
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Feet together
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Hands by the side
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Face looking forward
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Mouth is closed
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Facial expression is neutral
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Palms face forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the
thumb turned 90° to others
Toes point forward
Anatomical planes:
1- Coronal planes are oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
2- Sagittal planes are oriented vertically and divide the body into right and left
parts.
The plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves is termed the
median plane.
3- Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes divide the body into superior and inferior
parts.
Sections:
- Longitudinal sections: run parallel to the long axis of the body or of any of its
parts regardless of the position of the body
- Transverse sections: or cross sections, are slices of the body or its parts that are
cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts
- Oblique sections: are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along
the previously listed anatomical planes
Terminology:
Terms of relationship:
These are terms used to describe the location of structures relative to the body as a whole
or to other structures
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Anterior & posterior: describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and
'back' of the body.
. Anterior; nearer to the front
. Posterior; nearer to the back
. Ventral Vs dorsal; in the trunk
. Palmar Vs dorsal ; in the palm
. Plantar Vs dorsal; in the foot
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Medial and lateral: describe the position of structures relative to the median plane
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. Medial; nearer to the median plane
. Lateral; away from the median plane
These are terms used to describe the location of structures relative to the body as a whole
or to other structures
-
Anterior & posterior: describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and
'back' of the body.
. Anterior; nearer to the front
. Posterior; nearer to the back
. Ventral Vs dorsal; in the trunk
. Palmar Vs dorsal ; in the palm
. Plantar Vs dorsal; in the foot
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microscope
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Medial and lateral: describe the position of structures relative to the median plane
. Medial; nearer to the median plane
. Lateral; away from the median plane
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Superior and inferior: describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the
body.
. Superior; nearer to the vertex
. Inferior; nearer to the sole
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Proximal & distal: used with reference to the origin or attachment of a structure,
particularly in the limbs.
Proximal; nearer to origin
Distal; away from origin
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Superficial & deep: used to describe the relative positions of structures with
respect to the surface of the body.
Superficial; nearer to surface
Deep; away from surface