* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ecology - Humble ISD
Survey
Document related concepts
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Lake ecosystem wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ecology Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4 Populations are affected by both abiotic and biotic ecological pressures. Habitat- The area in which an organism lives Niche: The organism’s place or role it takes in the ecosystem. No two species can share the exact same niche in a habitat! Shaded areas show where each species feeds (one factor that defines a niche). Symbiosis: Describes a close relationship between 2 organisms, in which at least one of the organisms involved benefits. Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism 2. Parasitism 3. Commensalism Mutualism Both organisms benefit from the relationship. A).Clown fish is provided a protective home and the sea anemone is provided food as the clownfish lures other fish toward the sea anemone. B). Bees receive food (nectar), while the flower’s pollen is spread for reproduction. Parasitism One organism benefits, and the other is harmed (host). A).Ticks feed on the blood of the host in which they live. The closer together organisms live, the easier these parasites can spread through the population. B). Make up one of your own Commensalism One organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. A). Barnacles live and grow on the bodies of various ocean organisms like whales. However, they do not help or cause any harm to them. B). Make up one of your own. Aphids feed on sugary sap from the plant. -Parasitism Aphids are herded and protected by the ants because the ants feed on sugary excretions the aphids produce. -Mutualism 4. PREDATION: An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism 5. COMPETITION: Could be over a mate, food, space, water etc. Anything that would affect survival. when organisms attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. The Carbon Cycle: a process through which the element carbon cycles through the environment. 1. In photosynthesis, producers Draw this in your notes. remove CO2 gas from the atmosphere to make organic molecules (sugars) 2. Animals get organic molecules from plants & return CO2 gas to the atmosphere through respiration. 3. When plants and animals die in an ecosystem, CO2 gas is returned to the atmosphere during decomposition. 3. Fossil fuels (Coal, oil, natural gas which were once living organic material) when burned produce CO2 gas and this is returned to the atmosphere and increases the amount of CO2 gas in the air. The Nitrogen Cycle 1. 2. Draw this in your notes. 3. 4. 5. Producers (plants) absorb these forms through their roots. Nitrogen fixation: actions by some bacteria & lightning change N2 gas into ammonia (NH4+) and nitrate ions (NO3-). Consumers (herbivores) obtain nitrogen from the plants they eat. Decomposers break down animal waste, dead animals, & dead plant material & return the nitrogen to the soil. Other bacteria return nitrogen in the soil back to the atmosphere (denitrification) Ecological Succession Ecological Succession The gradual replacement of an existing environment by another. Primary Succession: when a community develops where there was none before. Pioneer Organisms/Species : The first species to populate an area. Secondary Succession: when an existing community is disturbed or destroyed without removing the soil and a new community begins. Populations Chapter 5 Three Characteristics of a Population 1. Geographic Distribution – describes area inhabited by a population 2. Density : # of individuals per unit area 3. Growth Rate : rate at which population changes in size Factors that affect Size of a Population 1.Birth Rate 2.Death Rate 3.Immigration – People moving into an area 4.Emigration – People moving out of an area Limits to a Population 1. Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms that an enviroment can support. 2. Limiting Factors: something that could cause a population growth to decrease. There are 2 types of limiting factors – Density-Dependent and Density-Independent. Density-dependent Factors (affect larger populations) 1.Competition 2.Predation 3.Parasitism 4.Disease brought on not only by bacteria but also by stress, overcrowding etc. (ex: Indian tigers fighting over land as it becomes less available, causes stress and they won’t mate) Density-Independent Factors 1. Unusual Weather (drought, freeze) 2. Natural Disasters (Tsunami, Earthquake, Forest Fires, Floods) 3. Seasonal Cycles (Hurricanes) 4. Human Activities (deforestation, pollution, overhunting, industrial growth, urban dev.) Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources Renewable: can be regenerated or replenished but not necessarily unlimited. Ex: trees, water Non-Renewable: can’t be replenished Ex: fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas Biodiversity The variety of organisms in the biosphere Has provided us with a variety of foods, industrial products and medicines inc. painkillers, antibiotics, heart medications, antidepressants and anticancer drugs. Threats to the Biodiversity can lead to species becoming endangered even extinct. Examples of threats are altering habitats, overhunting, introduction toxic compounds into food webs and introduction of foreign species to new environments.