Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
HEMATOPOIESIS dr Sri Lestari Sulistyo Rini, MSc Hematopoiesis • Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation – Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur Hematopoiesis • Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) – Give rise to all formed elements – Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development • New blood cells enter blood sinusoids Hematopoiesis: • Stem cells in bone marrow • proliferate • differentiate • mature • myeloid vs. lymphoid • Stromal cells secrete growth factors • Cytokines signal via membrane receptors Bone marrow • Bone marrow stromal cells secrete growth factors • Hematopoietc stem cells respond Stem cells Hemocytoblast Lymphoid stem cell Myeloid stem cell Committed cells Myeloblast Developmental Promyelocyte pathway Myeloblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Promyelocyte Promyelocyte Promonocyte Eosinophilic Basophilic myelocyte myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic Basophilic band cells band cells Neutrophilic band cells Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils (a) (b) (c) (d) Granular leukocytes Prolymphocyte Lymphocytes (e) Agranular leukocytes Some become Some become Blood Cell Production Hematopoiesis involves cytokine signaling Growth factors signal through membrane receptors: • Ligand causes receptors to aggregate • Activates JAK (kinases) by phosphorylation (cytoplasmic RTK) •JAK phophorylates cytokine receptor on Tyr Hematopoiesis involves cytokine signaling • Other signaling molecules bind, including STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) → nucleus transcription • Also RAS/Raf/MAP kinase activated • Overactive signal → cancer • Transient signal: SOCS silences Normal Marrow Composition unidentified or disintegrated cells erythroid precursors 10% Lymphocytes, monocytes 20% 10% 60% granulocytes & precursors Hematopoietic Growth Factors (SCF, IL-6, GM-CSF, etc.) • glycoprotein hormones • secreted by – bone marrow stromal cells – T-cells monocytes • regulate division and differentiation of hematopoietic cells • responsible for basal hematopoiesis and maintaining blood counts in normal ranges • greatly increased secretion in response to infection Erythropoiesis • erythropoietin-independent stage: – GM-CSF – SCF marrow stromal cells IL-3 (activated T-cells) • erythropoietin-dependent stage: – erythropoietin hypoxia(liver, kidney) Granulopoiesis • early phase: • • • • GM-CSF SCF Neutropoiesis: G-CSF Monopoiesis: Eosinopoiesis: M-CSF IL-5 IL-3 Basopoiesis,Mastpoiesis: IL-3 GM-CSF SCF IL-3 Megakaryopoiesis IL-3 • SCF IL-6 GM-CSF may also play a role Lymphopoiesis • B-cells: – initial stage: IL-7 SCF – later stage: Fcgand rec IL-4 IL-6 – final proliferation Ab secretion: • T-cells: • CD8 cells: • CD4 cells: IL-6 IL-2 Ag TCR/CD3 CD28 GM-CSF Hematopoietic Growth Factors (IL-6, GM-CSF, SCF, etc.) • Bacterial & viral products T-cell • GM-CSF IL-3 IL-1 monocyte TNFa G-CSF M-CSF IL-6 Fibroblast Endothelial cell GM-CSF G-CSF Hematopoietic Microenvironment Stromal cells: fibroblasts endothelial cells adipocytes Growth Factors Basal Hematopoiesis SCF IL-6 GM-CSF G-CSF SCF: stem cell factor GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Antigen-amplified hematopoiesis IL-1 TNFa Ag IL-1 Ag TNFa IL-3 GM-CSF IL-4 SCF IL-6 GM-CSF G-CSF Erythropoiesis • Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production – A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast – Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts Erythropoiesis – Phases in development 1. Ribosome synthesis 2. Hemoglobin accumulation 3. Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes – Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes RBC Formation before birth • Mesoblastic stage – Nucleated RBCs - Yolk sac and Mesothelial layers of the placenta – 3rd week • Hepatic stage • At 6 weeks - Liver form blood cells – Spleen + lymphoid tissues form blood cells. RBC Formation before birth • Myeloid stage • From the third month onwards - the bone marrow gradually becomes the principal source of the RBCs • Last month – Bone marrow exclusively RBC Formation after birth • The bone marrow - all bones - 5 years • Marrow of the long bones (except for the proximal humerus and tibia) – No more red blood cells after = age 20 years. • Most red cells continue to be produced in the marrow of the membranous bones, such as – Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs, and Ilium. Relative rates of red blood cell production in the bone marrow of different bones at different ages. Bone marrow cells for Erythropoiesis • Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell, PHSC • Committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes is called Colony-forming unit–erythrocyte, CFU-E Factors: – Growth inducers – Differentiation inducers. ERYTHROPOIESIS PHSC Bone marrow CFU-E 4-5 days Proerythroblast Polychromatophil erythroblast Orthochromatophil erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte. Blood 1-2 days. Erythropoiesis – Phases in development 1. Ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts 2. Hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts 3. Ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes – Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes – 1 -2 % of all circulating erythrocytes Stem cell Hemocytoblast Committed cell Developmental pathway Proerythroblast Early Late erythroblast erythroblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Normoblast Reticulo- Erythrocyte cyte Regulation of Erythropoiesis • Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia • Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity • Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on • Hormonal controls : Erythropoietin (EPO) – Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis – Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia – Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Effects of EPO – More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells – Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1– 2 days • Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Causes of hypoxia – Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers – Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) – Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes) Erythropoietin Mechanism Start Normal blood oxygen levels Increases O2-carrying ability of blood Stimulus: Hypoxia due to decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, or increased tissue demands for O2 Reduces O2 levels in blood Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin Figure 17.6 Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis • Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates • Iron – Stored in Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow – Stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin – Transported loosely bound to the protein transferrin • Vitamin B12 and folic acid—necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division (a) Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146 (b) Sickled erythrocyte results from a single amino acid change in the beta chain of hemoglobin. Formation & Destruction of RBCs Leukopoiesis • Production of WBCs • Stimulated by chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature WBCs – Interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2) – Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) named for the WBC type they stimulate (e.g., granulocyte-CSF stimulates granulocytes) • All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts Production of Leukocytes • Leukopoiesis is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines (hematopoietic factors) – interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) • Macrophages and T cells are the most important sources of cytokines • Many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically to stimulate bone marrow Formation of Leukocytes • All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts – The mother of all blood stem cells • Hemocytoblasts differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells – Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts or monoblasts • Granulocytes form from myeloblasts • Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes – Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts • Lymphoblasts develop into lymphocytes Platelets • • • • Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Platelets • Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels • Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocytoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets Lifespan of blood cells • RBC • platelet 120 days 10 days • granulocytes circ : 9 hours • tissue : days • lymphocyte • circ : variable (hours to years) tissue : weeks to years Hematopoietic Response hypoxia RBC infection granulocyte/monocyte antigen lymphocyte hemorrhage platelet TERIMA KASIH