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Physical Geology 101 5. Minerals I (p. 72-78) States of Matter All matter exists in one of three states: solid liquid gas The controlling factors that dictate the state are: ____________ and ____________. Example: at sea level, the following materials are in what state? gold - ___________________ mercury - ________________ oxygen - _________________ Temperature measurement: Temperature scale used in geology: ________________________ Freezing point of water: ____________ Boiling point of water: ____________ To convert from °F to °C: Subtract 32 then divide by 1.8. To convert from °C to °F: Multiply by 1.8 then add 32. Pressure measurement: Pressure scales used in geology include: __________________(atm) and ________________ (Pa). sea level pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bars = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 lbs/in2 The Stuff that Makes up all Matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth, from smallest to largest is: ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Elements Can we break down elements chemically? YES or NO 1 Physical Geology 101 Atoms The atom is the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element, like a fingerprint. Typical approximate size of an atom: _____________ Particles that make up an atom: ______________ (charge is __________) ______________ (charge is __________) ______________ (charge is __________) Protons and neutrons together define the ____________ of an atom. The layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called ______________ or ___________________________. What is the definition of: Atomic number: _______________________________________________________ (uniquely identifies an element) Mass number: _______________________________________________________ Is mass number exactly the same as atomic weight? Can atoms of the same element have different atomic numbers? YES or NO YES or NO For example, each and every H atom has exactly ____ proton (atomic # = 1). Can atoms of the same element have different mass numbers? YES or NO Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called _________________ Example: carbon can exist in 3 forms: _______________________________ The average weight of an atom of any element, taking into account the relative abundances of the different isotopes of that element, is called the _________________. Ions Ions are what we get when the electrons partnered with one atom start fooling around with someone else's atom. Types of ions: A LOSS of electrons creates a ____________ charged particle called a ___________ e.g. __________ A GAIN of electrons creates a ____________ charged particle called an ___________ e.g. __________ 2 Physical Geology 101 Compounds What is a chemical compound? ___________________________________________ e.g., __________________ A common compound is table salt, or _______________________ (chemical formula: _____________). How do we write out a chemical compound formula? CATIONS first or ANIONS first The smallest possible quantity of a compound is called a __________________ Do molecules have the same properties as the elements they're made from? YES or NO What holds molecules together? __________________________ Bonding What exactly is chemical bonding? ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ In bonded atoms, electrons may be ____________, ____________ or ____________. There are FOUR types of chemical bonding: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Ionic bonding What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________ Example: ______________ Are ionic bonds weak or strong? ______________________ Covalent bonding What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________ Example: ______________ (chemical formula: ___________) Are ionic bonds weak or strong? ______________________ 3 Physical Geology 101 Metallic bonding What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________ What does metallic bonding make metals good for? ___________________________ van der Waals bonding Definition: ____________________________________________________________ What similar type of bond relies on weak electrostatic charges? ___________________ Are van der Waals bonds weak or strong? ___________________ Example: ____________________ (chemical formula: ___________) FINAL QUESTION: What are the building blocks of all geological materials like rocks and soil? _______________________________ 4