Download Word format

Physical Geology 101
5. Minerals I
(p. 72-78)
States of Matter
All matter exists in one of three states:
solid
liquid
gas
The controlling factors that dictate the state are: ____________ and ____________.
Example: at sea level, the following materials are in what state?
gold - ___________________
mercury - ________________
oxygen - _________________
Temperature measurement:
Temperature scale used in geology: ________________________
Freezing point of water: ____________
Boiling point of water: ____________
To convert from °F to °C: Subtract 32 then divide by 1.8.
To convert from °C to °F: Multiply by 1.8 then add 32.
Pressure measurement:
Pressure scales used in geology include:
__________________(atm)
and
________________ (Pa).
sea level pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bars = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 lbs/in2
The Stuff that Makes up all Matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth, from smallest to largest is:
___________  ___________  ___________  ___________  ___________
Elements
Can we break down elements chemically?
YES or NO
1
Physical Geology 101
Atoms
The atom is the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element, like a fingerprint.
Typical approximate size of an atom: _____________
Particles that make up an atom:

______________ (charge is __________)

______________ (charge is __________)

______________ (charge is __________)
Protons and neutrons together define the ____________ of an atom.
The layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called ______________ or
___________________________.
What is the definition of:
Atomic number: _______________________________________________________
(uniquely identifies an element)
Mass number: _______________________________________________________
Is mass number exactly the same as atomic weight?
Can atoms of the same element have different atomic numbers?
YES or NO
YES or NO
For example, each and every H atom has exactly ____ proton (atomic # = 1).
Can atoms of the same element have different mass numbers?
YES or NO
Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called _________________
Example: carbon can exist in 3 forms: _______________________________
The average weight of an atom of any element, taking into account the relative abundances of the
different isotopes of that element, is called the _________________.
Ions
Ions are what we get when the electrons partnered with one atom start fooling around with someone
else's atom.
Types of ions:
A LOSS of electrons creates a ____________ charged particle called a ___________ e.g. __________
A GAIN of electrons creates a ____________ charged particle called an ___________ e.g. __________
2
Physical Geology 101
Compounds
What is a chemical compound? ___________________________________________
e.g., __________________
A common compound is table salt, or _______________________ (chemical formula: _____________).
How do we write out a chemical compound formula?
CATIONS first or ANIONS first
The smallest possible quantity of a compound is called a __________________
Do molecules have the same properties as the elements they're made from? YES or NO
What holds molecules together? __________________________
Bonding
What exactly is chemical bonding? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
In bonded atoms, electrons may be ____________, ____________ or ____________.
There are FOUR types of chemical bonding:
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Ionic bonding
What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________
Example: ______________
Are ionic bonds weak or strong? ______________________
Covalent bonding
What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________
Example: ______________ (chemical formula: ___________)
Are ionic bonds weak or strong? ______________________
3
Physical Geology 101
Metallic bonding
What happens to the electrons? __________________________________________
What does metallic bonding make metals good for? ___________________________
van der Waals bonding
Definition: ____________________________________________________________
What similar type of bond relies on weak electrostatic charges? ___________________
Are van der Waals bonds weak or strong? ___________________
Example: ____________________ (chemical formula: ___________)
FINAL QUESTION:
What are the building blocks of all geological materials like rocks and soil?
_______________________________
4