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1.
2.
How do we (humans) get
“energy”? What’s the name of
the process?
What do we need energy for?
Section 5.3- Energy
Flow in Ecosystems
The Importance of Energy
1.
All organisms need energy for
growth, movement, maintenance,
repair, and reproduction.
2.
In an ecosystem, energy flows
SUN Autotrophs Heterotrophs
3.
With respects to energy, the Earth is
an open system. But it cannot
exchange matter.
A) Autotrophs
A groups of organisms that can use the
energy in sunlight to convert water and
carbon dioxide into glucose (food)
process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2. Autotrophs are also called Producers
because they produce all of the food that
they need and heterotrophs use.
3. Without autotrophs, there would be no life
on this planet.
4. Examples: Plants and Algae (and some
bacteria and protists)
1.
Autotrophic Organisms
Specialized Autotrophs
Chemotrophs (Chemoautotrophs)
– Autotrophs that get their energy from inorganic
substances, such as salt, to make carbohydrates
– Live deep down in the ocean where there is no sunlight,
near hydrothermal vents
Example: Bacteria, Deep Sea Worms
B) Heterotrophs
1.
Organisms that do not make their
own food
2.
Another term for Heterotroph is a
consumer because they consume
other organisms in order to get their
energy.
3.
Examples: Rabbits, Deer,
Mushrooms, Bears, Vultures, Shrimp
Heterotrophs
Classification of Heterotrophs
Detrivores (Scavengers)- 4. Omnivores- eat both
feed on the tissue of
plants and other animals;
dead/dying organisms
examples: bears,
examples: vultures,
humans, racoons, wasps
crows, shrimp
5. Decomposers- absorb
2. Herbivores- eat ONLY
dead material and break it
plants; examples: cows,
down into simple
elephants, giraffes, zebras
nutrients or fertilizers;
examples: bacteria,
3. Carnivores- eat ONLY
mushrooms, earthworms,
meat (animals);
dung beetle
examples: lions,
tigers,sharks, killer whales,
seals
1.
Heterotrophic Organisms
C) Transfer of Energy
1. When a zebra eats the grass, it
does not obtain all of the energy
the grass has (much of it is not
metabolized- broken down)
2. When a lion eats a zebra, it does
not get all of the energy from
the zebra (some of it is lost as
heat)
3.
Energy flows from producers to
consumers
4.
The two (2) previous examples of
energy transfer show that no organism
EVER receives all of the energy from
the organism they just ate
5.
10% Law: Only 10% of the energy
from one trophic level is transferred to
the next level
What happens to the other
90%?
1.
2.
Used by the organism for
growth, movement, homeostasis
(maintain a stable internal
environment), reproduction
During metabolism, some
energy is transformed into heat
1.) Trophic Levels
1.
Energy moves from one organism to another
when it is eaten
2.
Each step in this transfer of energy is known
as a trophic level.
3.
The main trophic levels are producers,
consumers, and decomposers.
4.
Most ecosystems have only 3-4 trophic levels
5.
Organisms in the lowest trophic level are
usually much more abundant than those in the
higher trophic levels.
Example: Trophic Levels
2.) Ecological Pyramid
1.
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship
between consumers and producers at
different trophic (energy) levels in an
ecosystem
2.
Shows the relative amounts of energy or
matter contained at each trophic level
3.
The Pyramid shows which level has the most
energy and has the highest number of
organisms
Ecological Pyramid
3.) Food Chains
The energy flow from one trophic level to the
other can be displayed as a food chain
2. A food chain is simple, direct, and linear.
3. It is a single pathway of feeding relationships.
4. It involves one organism at each trophic level
a. Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs
(producers); herbivores
b. Secondary Consumers – eat the primary
consumers
c. Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary
consumers
d. Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break
down dead organisms and recycle the material
back into the environment
1.
4.) Food Web
1.
Most organisms eat more than
JUST one organism
2.
When more organisms are
involved it is known as a FOOD
WEB (shows all of the feeding
relationships within an
ecosystem)
3.
Food webs are more complex and
involve lots of organisms
4.
Notice the direction the arrow
points  the arrow points in
the direction of the energy
transfer, NOT “what ate
what”
5.
The arrow points to the
organism that RECEIVES the
energy.
D) Species are Connected to
Ecosystems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biodiversity affects the stability of ecosystems
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems to
ensure a healthy planet that has balanced cycles.
“Everything depends upon everything”.
When one species disappears, the entire
ecosystem is affected. Food chains and symbiotic
relationships are affected.
Some species are so critical to the functioning of
an ecosystem that they are called keystone
species.
The Sea 1.
2.
Otter
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sea otters eat sea urchins.
In the 18oos, sea otters
were hunted for their fur
to near extinction in the
Pacific Northwest.
The sea urchin pop rose
and began to eat all of the
kelp in the area. With no
kelp many other species
started to die from
starvation.
In 1937, a small group of
surviving sea otters were
found and protected.
They were reintroduced to
the area.
The kelp beds regenerated
as the otters ate the sea
urchins.