Download WHAT IS NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION?

WHIP AROUND
 What is your favorite physical characteristic on a person?
 E.g. smile, hair, height, style of clothing, etc.
 Think about this question and be prepared to share aloud.
CHAPTER 5
CONNECTING THROUGH
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
WHAT IS NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION?
 Behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects —
whether intended or not—that communicate
messages with social meaning are known as
nonverbal communication.
 We have a tendency to take nonverbal
communication for granted.
 We spend more of our time communicating
nonverbally than verbally.
 We often make our daily decisions based on our
nonverbal communication.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Nonverbal
communication
occurs constantly
Nonverbal
communication
depends on context
Nonverbal
communication is
more believable
Nonverbal
communication is a
primary means of
expression
Nonverbal
communication is
related to culture
Nonverbal
communication is
ambiguous
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
N o nverba l Co m m unica t ion:
 Carries most of the meaning of the message, particularly feelings
and attitudes toward others.
 Is a frequent source of misunderstandings.
 Is not governed by a set of universal rules.
 Is multi-channeled, complicated, and ever-changing.
 Is bound to context and culture.
 Is more likely than verbal communication to be spontaneous and
unintentional.
 Is powerful and more believable than verbal communication.
 Is learned (not always consciously).
 Is critical in relationship initiation, development, and termination.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Complementing Verbal Behavior
 The use of nonverbal cues to compete, describe, or accent verbal
cues is called complementing.
 We use complementary nonverbal cues to accent verbal behavior by
emphasizing or punctuating our spoken words.
 Repeating Verbal Behavior
 Repeating is the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning
as the verbal message.
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Regulating Verbal Behavior
 Nonverbal cues can also be used to control the flow of
communication, known as regulating.
 Senders might not realize they are sending regulating cues, but
receivers are usually aware of them.
 Substituting for Verbal Behavior
 Substituting is the use of nonverbal cues in place of oral messages
when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate.
 Emojis serve as substitutes for oral communication.
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Deceiving
 Purposefully misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create
false impressions or to convey incorrect information is deceiving.
 Lying cannot be confirmed on the basis of nonverbal behaviors alone.
TABLE 5.1: FUNCTIONS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Category
Characteristic
Example
Complementing
Completes, describes, or accents a
verbal message
A person needs help immediately, so
he yells as loudly as possible.
Repeating
Expresses a message identical to
the verbal one
A person says “yes” and nods her
head up and down.
Regulating
Controls flow of communication
A person nods his head as a way of
communicating, “I am interested in
what you are saying,” implying “tell
me more.”
Substituting
Replaces a verbal message with
nonverbal signs to exchange
thoughts
Two people use hand signals to
communicate, because the
environment is too loud to hear each
other’s voices.
Deceiving
Nonverbal cues that purposefully
disguise or mislead to create a
false impression
A doctor examining a patient
discovers a serious problem, but the
doctor’s facial expressions remain
neutral so as not to alarm the patient.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
IS AMBIGUOUS
 Nonverbal behavior can have many possible
meanings
 Impossible to be certain which interpretation is
correct
 Courtship and sexuality
 Some people have more difficulty decoding
nonverbal signals
 Perception checking can be a useful tool
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Facial
Space
expression,
body
movement
Physical
characteristics
Touch
Time
Paralanguage
Silence
Artifacts
Environment
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T YPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Facial Expressions
and Body
Movements
 Kinesics
 Oculesics
 Eye behavior
 Facial expressions
 Facial management
techniques
Facial Management
Techniques
Intensifying—
exaggeration of
reactions to others’
expectations
Deintensifying—
understatement of
reactions to meet
others’ expectations
Neutralizing—
avoidance of any
emotional expression
in a situation
Masking—
replacement of one
expression with
another considered
more appropriate
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
FACIAL EXPRESSION ST YLES
 The withholder
 Little facial movement
 The revealer
 Constantly shows others how they feel
 The unwitting expressor
 Limited number of expressions the speaker thought were masked but in
actuality were not
 Blanked expressor
 We see a blank face, but person thinks an emotion is being displayed
 Substitute expressor
 Show other facial expression than the real emotion felt
 Frozen-af fect expressor
 Part of an emotion displayed at all times
Categories of Body Movement and
Facial Expressions
 Emblems: translate directly into words
 Illustrators: accent, reinforce or emphasize verbal
messages
 Regulators: control, monitor or maintain interaction
between communicators
 Affect displays: body movements that express emotions
 Adaptors: body movements that help one feel at ease
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Body Movement
 Body Orientation
 The degree to which we face toward or away
from someone with our body, feet, and head
 Posture
 By paying attention to the postures around
your own, you’ll find another channel of
communication
TYPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Paralanguage/Vocalics
 Paralanguage or vocalics is the way we vocalize or say the words we
speak.
 Paralanguage includes pitch, vocal force, rate, quality, and pauses or
silence.
 Silence
 Vocal pauses are hesitations, usually short in duration.
 Silence is an extended period of time without sound.
TOUCH/HAPTICS
 One of the most basic forms of communication.
 Categories of touch:




Functional-professional
Social-polite
Friendship-warmth
Love-intimacy
 Sexual arousal
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Body type
Attractiveness
Height/weight
Skin tone
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ARTIFACTS
 Artifacts
 Personal adornments
 Possessions
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Appearance
 Physical Attractiveness
 Men and women whom others perceive as
attractive are rated as:





Being more sensitive
Kind
Strong
Sociable
Interesting
 Occasionally has a negative effect
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Appearance
Physical Attractiveness
 Influence begins early in life
 Something we can control
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Appearance
 Clothing
 One writer suggests that clothing can convey at least ten types of
messages to others:










Economic background
Level of success
Economic level
Moral character
Educational level
Social background
Educational background
Social position
Level of sophistication
Trustworthiness
WHO WOULD YOU ADVANCE?
FRIENDS AND NONVERBAL
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4
OUR BODY AND ITS
FEATURES
 Body Shape
 Endomorph
 Soft, Round, Fat
 Overweight compared to their height
 Judged as lazy, old-fashioned, friendly, warm, agreeable
OUR BODY AND ITS
FEATURES
 Body Shape
 Mesomorph
 Bony, Muscular, Athletic
 Balanced in terms of height and weight
 Perceived as strong, adventurous, assertive, self -reliant,
confident, competitive, hot-tempered, argumentative
OUR BODY AND ITS
FEATURES
 Body Shape
 Ectomorph
 Tall, Thin, Fragile
 Underweight compared to their height
 Sensitive, Cautious, Shy, Nervous, Serious, Quiet,
Introspective
OUR BODY AND ITS
FEATURES
 Body smell
 Americans do not seem to rely consciously on their
sense of smell for much interpersonal information
unless perspiration, odor, breath, or some other smell is
unusually strong or inappropriate for the situation
 American’s cover up their aroma
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLTIowBF0kE
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x3_9ncpJl8
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Voice
 Paralanguage
 Describes nonverbal, vocal messages
 Unintentional pause
 Vocalized pause
 Can affect behavior in many ways
 Sarcasm
 Some vocal factors perceived more positively
than others
T YPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Physical Space
 Proxemics - Distance
 The study of the way people and animals use
space.
 We each carry an invisible bubble of personal
space wherever we go
 We feel uncomfortable when this bubble is
violated
 Different cultures develop different bubbles
T YPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Physical Environment
 Physical settings affect our communication
 Can shape the kind of interaction that takes place in it
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DECEPTION
Nonverbal Communicators Offer
Deception Clues
 Leakage
 Inadvertent signals of deception
 Facial expressions
 Pupil dilation
 Speech patterns
DECEPTION
 Nonverbal Communicators Offer
Deceptions Clues
 Three findings:
 We are accurate in detecting deception only
slightly more than half the time
 We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies
 We have a strong tendency to judge others’
messages as truthful
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXm6YbXxS
Yk
DECEIT IN POPULAR CULTURE
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXytQOkNaq4
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbOgHa34Ec8
INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Culture
 Cultures have different nonverbal languages
 Some nonverbal behaviors have different meanings
from culture to culture
 Subtle differences can damage relationships
 Distance and eye contact varies around the world
INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Culture
 Differences in cultural rules can lead to
misunderstandings
 Nonverbal convergence shows that skilled
communicators can adapt their behavior
 Some nonverbal behaviors have same meaning
around the world
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCODUvK
bzE (culture and space)
TIME - CHRONEMICS
Study of how people perceive,
structure, and use time as
communication
Time expectations
Time approaches
 Looking to the future
 Living in the present
 Longing for the past
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INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Culture
The use of time depends greatly on
culture
 Monochronic
 Emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and
completing one task at a time
 Polychronic
 Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are
pursued at the same time
INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Gender
 Some differences are physiological
 Some differences are rooted in socialization
 Females usually more nonverbally expressive
and better at recognizing others’ nonverbal
behaviors
 More similar than different
INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION: SPACE - PROXEMICS
 Hall’s Proximity Zones
Intimate: 0-18”
Personal: 18” - 4’
Social: 4’-12’
Public: 12’ plus
 Territoriality: need to identify certain
space as one’s own.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVSIkEi3mM&feature=related (Seinfield)
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LET’S PRACTICE
Pick a partner.
Show intimate space.
Show personal space.
Show public space.
Show social space.
IMPROVING OUR ABILIT Y TO SEND AND
INTERPRET NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Self-monitoring is:
 The willingness to change behavior to fit a situation
 An awareness of how we affect others
 The ability to regulate nonverbal cues
 To improve interpretation of nonverbal communication:
 Be observant and sensitive to the messages you receive.
 Verify unclear or inconsistent nonverbal messages.
IMPROVING OUR ABILIT Y TO SEND AND
INTERPRET NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 There are three reasons for misinterpreting nonverbal
communication:
 Nonverbal cues have multiple meanings.
 Nonverbal cues are interdependent. We use the functional approach
when we use more than one nonverbal message at a time to look for
meaning.
 Nonverbal cues are subtle. If you are not certain of a sender’s
intention, use descriptive feedback to verify the message’s meaning.
TELLING THE TRUTH: IT MAY NOT BE WHAT
YOU SAY; IT’S HOW YOU BEHAVE
 Assuming that deception is an all -too-common aspect of social
life, what are its effects? As you might guess, they are largely
negative. Often, we make assumptions about the truthfulness of
people based on the inconsistencies of their nonverbal and
verbal messages. A student’s eyes are wandering during a test –
he claims he’s not looking at his neighbor’s test; a student
smiles while looking at her laptop scree, and when asked what
she is looking at, claims that she is taking notes; or a student’s
head is down and he is peering at his cell phone, but, when
asked about texting, he claims he was just checking the time.
1. What nonverbal cues can signal that a person is not being
truthful?
2. On a scale of 1-10 (with 10 being extremely confident), how
confident are you to conclude, on the basis of nonverbal cues,
that a person is not being truthful. Explain your rating.
3. When is it appropriate to be deceptive, if ever?
OBSERVATION ASSIGNMENT
 Let’s refer to the learning web
Next Time:
 Nonverbal observation discussion
 Bring a printout of your notes to turn in
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