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The Late
Roman Republic
“From republic to empire”
Transition from
Republic to Empire
•
Social Class Conflict (Rich vs. Poor)
– Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
•
Civil War
– Marius and Sulla
•
Slave Revolts
– Spartacus
The First Triumvirate
• Crassus
• Pompey
• Julius Caesar
Marcus Licinius Crassus
MARCVS·LICINIVS·CRASSVS
• Wealthiest man in Rome
– Fire department
• Term “crass” named for him
– adjective, 1.without
refinement, delicacy, or
sensitivity; gross; obtuse
• 53 BC – Killed by the
Parthians
– His head was used as a prop
in a play
Pompey the Great
CNAEVS·POMPEIVS·MAGNVS
• 48 BC – Caesar defeated
him at the Battle of
Pharsalus; Pompey fled to
Egypt and was assassinated
– King Ptolemy presented
Pompey’s head as a gift when
Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt
Julius Caesar
CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR
• General, politician, and historian
• Wanted to be like Alexander the
Great
• Loved by the commoners
– generous
– smart
– was human  suffered occasional
epileptic seizures
Julius Caesar
CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR
• Reforms / Accomplishments
–
–
–
–
Increased Roman controlled lands
Made Rome, and himself, wealthy
Gave public lands to the poor
Granted citizenship to people in the
provinces
– Public works programs (roads, aqueducts,
temples, arenas, other public buildings, etc.)
– New calendar set up with 365 days + extra
day for leap year
– Helped end the Republic and establish an
Empire (killed before becoming emperor)
Julius Caesar
CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR
• 44 BC – Ides of March (March 15), Assassinated
by “friends” in the Senate
Julius Caesar
CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR
– “Beware the Ides of
March!”
– Marcus Junius Brutus
and Gaius Cassius
Longinus led the
assassination
– Et tu, Bruté?
The Second Triumvirate
• Lepidus
• Marc Antony
• Octavian
Second Triumvirate
• Second Triumvirate was formed to hunt down
Brutus and Cassius
• Brutus and Cassius both chose suicide after
defeat at Phillipi rather than humiliation and
execution
Octavian
caivs•ivlivs•caesar•octaviaNvs
• General and politician
• Great-nephew of Julius
Caesar
• In his will, Caesar adopted
Octavian as a son and heir
to his estate
• Hunted down Caesar’s
assassins
Marcus Lepidus
Marcvs·AEMILIVS·LEPIDVS
• General and politician
• Supported Julius Caesar
against Pompey
• Caesar made him dictator
• Octavian forced Lepidus out
of Rome and out of the
Triumvirate to gain power
• 36 BC – Exiled from Rome
Marc Antony
Marcvs·ANTONIVS
•
•
•
•
General and politician
Excellent athlete
Julius Caesar’s true friend
Delivered a famous speech at
Caesar’s funeral
– “Friends, Romans, countrymen,
lend me your ears…”
• Helped Octavian hunt down
Caesar’s assassins
Marc Antony
Marcvs·ANTONIVS
31 BC – Went to Egypt to escape
the power-hungry Octavian
– Fell in love with Cleopatra
The Battle of Actium
31 BC - In the Gulf of Actium (near Greece)
•
Roman Navy
– Small, fast ships
•
Egyptian Navy
– Antony & Cleopatra
– Large, slow ships
•
Victory for Rome
– Egypt is now just
another Roman province
Marc Antony
Marcvs·ANTONIVS
30 BC – Fell on his sword
– Heard a rumor that Cleopatra was
dead, so he committed suicide
– Cleopatra was still alive …. Oops!
– She then committed suicide too
– Octavian killed Caesar and
Cleopatra’s
son
Caesarion
Octavian 
Augustus Caesar
caivs•ivlivs•caesar•octaviaNvs 
Imperator•caesar•Divi•avGvstvs
• Promised the Senate that he
would restore peace
• Offered to give up his power
• Senate proclaimed him
– princeps (first citizen)
– Augustus (revered one;
exalted one)
• 27 BC – Octavian became
Augustus Caesar, Rome’s
first emperor
Augustus Caesar
Imperator•caesar•Divi•avGvstvs
• Began the Pax Romana
(Roman Peace)
• Ruled as emperor during
the birth of Jesus
• 27 BC – AD 14
The Roman Republic
509 BC – 27 BC
The Roman Empire
and its comparison with
Star Wars
=
?
• Began as a republic
and later became an
empire
• Began as a republic
and later became an
empire
• Rebellion against the
oppressive
government
• The Rebel Alliance
against the evil
Empire
• General Octavian 
Caesar Augustus
– Kills off his opponents
to become emperor to
“restore peace to the
Republic”
• Anakin Skywalker 
Darth Vader

OR
• Senator Palpatine 
The Emperor

• The Roman Military
– Could conquer entire
empires (Carthage,
Egypt, etc.)
• The Death Star
– Could destroy planets
• Battle of Actium
– Smaller, faster Roman
ships defeated the
powerful, yet bulky,
Egyptian ships
• Death Star Battle
– Smaller, faster X-Wing
fighters defeat the
Death Star
• Rome
– Largest city on Earth at
the time
• Coruscant
• Pod Race
• Chariot Race