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The Late Roman Republic “From republic to empire” Transition from Republic to Empire • Social Class Conflict (Rich vs. Poor) – Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Civil War – Marius and Sulla • Slave Revolts – Spartacus The First Triumvirate • Crassus • Pompey • Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus MARCVS·LICINIVS·CRASSVS • Wealthiest man in Rome – Fire department • Term “crass” named for him – adjective, 1.without refinement, delicacy, or sensitivity; gross; obtuse • 53 BC – Killed by the Parthians – His head was used as a prop in a play Pompey the Great CNAEVS·POMPEIVS·MAGNVS • 48 BC – Caesar defeated him at the Battle of Pharsalus; Pompey fled to Egypt and was assassinated – King Ptolemy presented Pompey’s head as a gift when Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt Julius Caesar CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR • General, politician, and historian • Wanted to be like Alexander the Great • Loved by the commoners – generous – smart – was human suffered occasional epileptic seizures Julius Caesar CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR • Reforms / Accomplishments – – – – Increased Roman controlled lands Made Rome, and himself, wealthy Gave public lands to the poor Granted citizenship to people in the provinces – Public works programs (roads, aqueducts, temples, arenas, other public buildings, etc.) – New calendar set up with 365 days + extra day for leap year – Helped end the Republic and establish an Empire (killed before becoming emperor) Julius Caesar CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR • 44 BC – Ides of March (March 15), Assassinated by “friends” in the Senate Julius Caesar CAiVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR – “Beware the Ides of March!” – Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus led the assassination – Et tu, Bruté? The Second Triumvirate • Lepidus • Marc Antony • Octavian Second Triumvirate • Second Triumvirate was formed to hunt down Brutus and Cassius • Brutus and Cassius both chose suicide after defeat at Phillipi rather than humiliation and execution Octavian caivs•ivlivs•caesar•octaviaNvs • General and politician • Great-nephew of Julius Caesar • In his will, Caesar adopted Octavian as a son and heir to his estate • Hunted down Caesar’s assassins Marcus Lepidus Marcvs·AEMILIVS·LEPIDVS • General and politician • Supported Julius Caesar against Pompey • Caesar made him dictator • Octavian forced Lepidus out of Rome and out of the Triumvirate to gain power • 36 BC – Exiled from Rome Marc Antony Marcvs·ANTONIVS • • • • General and politician Excellent athlete Julius Caesar’s true friend Delivered a famous speech at Caesar’s funeral – “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears…” • Helped Octavian hunt down Caesar’s assassins Marc Antony Marcvs·ANTONIVS 31 BC – Went to Egypt to escape the power-hungry Octavian – Fell in love with Cleopatra The Battle of Actium 31 BC - In the Gulf of Actium (near Greece) • Roman Navy – Small, fast ships • Egyptian Navy – Antony & Cleopatra – Large, slow ships • Victory for Rome – Egypt is now just another Roman province Marc Antony Marcvs·ANTONIVS 30 BC – Fell on his sword – Heard a rumor that Cleopatra was dead, so he committed suicide – Cleopatra was still alive …. Oops! – She then committed suicide too – Octavian killed Caesar and Cleopatra’s son Caesarion Octavian Augustus Caesar caivs•ivlivs•caesar•octaviaNvs Imperator•caesar•Divi•avGvstvs • Promised the Senate that he would restore peace • Offered to give up his power • Senate proclaimed him – princeps (first citizen) – Augustus (revered one; exalted one) • 27 BC – Octavian became Augustus Caesar, Rome’s first emperor Augustus Caesar Imperator•caesar•Divi•avGvstvs • Began the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Ruled as emperor during the birth of Jesus • 27 BC – AD 14 The Roman Republic 509 BC – 27 BC The Roman Empire and its comparison with Star Wars = ? • Began as a republic and later became an empire • Began as a republic and later became an empire • Rebellion against the oppressive government • The Rebel Alliance against the evil Empire • General Octavian Caesar Augustus – Kills off his opponents to become emperor to “restore peace to the Republic” • Anakin Skywalker Darth Vader OR • Senator Palpatine The Emperor • The Roman Military – Could conquer entire empires (Carthage, Egypt, etc.) • The Death Star – Could destroy planets • Battle of Actium – Smaller, faster Roman ships defeated the powerful, yet bulky, Egyptian ships • Death Star Battle – Smaller, faster X-Wing fighters defeat the Death Star • Rome – Largest city on Earth at the time • Coruscant • Pod Race • Chariot Race