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Unit 2 Evolution Directions: Take eight long pieces of paper (teacher provided) and fold each in half so that you have a “flap system.” On the front write the name and date of the scientist, and on the inside flap write the information. Once you have recorded all of the scientists, paste them into your notebook. Page 11- heading, definition of evolution, Carl Linnaeus, Georges Buffon, and James Hutton. Page 12- Erasmus Darwin, Georges Cuvier, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, and Charles Lyell. Page 13- Charles Darwin, diagram on the Galapagos tortoises, and a diagram of Darwin’s finches. Page 14- Darwin and the Galapagos- given to you in class. Heading: Unit 2 Evolution Evolution: The process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. There are many scientists that were involved: Developed a classification system for all types of organisms. Grouped them according to their similarities. Ex- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Carl Linnaeus 1735 Proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately. Suggested that the Earth was older than 6,000 years old. Georges Buffon 1749 Charles Darwin’s grandfather. He proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor, and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms. Erasmus Darwin 1794-1796 Proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity. Species didn’t become extinct, but rather turned into different forms. Ex- The environment changed which caused the organism to change. Giraffes: giraffes evolved long necks over many generations due to the trees / vegetation growing taller. They essentially “stretched their necks.” This idea is known as inheritance of acquired traits. Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1809 He thought that animals could become extinct. He observed that each rock layer / strata had its own specific fossils. Fossils in the deep layers were different. Theory= Catastrophism: sudden disaster Georges Cuvier Early 1800’s Natural disasters (floods, volcanoes, etc.) shaped our landforms and caused species to become extinct. Changes in landforms resulted from slow changes over a long period of time= Gradualism. Ex- laying down soil or canyons being created by rivers takes a lot of time. Today: used to mean the gradual change of species through evolution. James Hutton 1785 Uniformitarianism: Geological processes that shape Earth are uniform through time. Things change at a constant rate and are ongoing. Charles Lyell 1830’s 1831- He set sail on a five year journey aboard the HMS Beagle from England to S. America and the Pacific Islands. Kept observing variation in species: differences in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group. Interspecific: among members of different species. Intraspecific: among individuals of the same species. Charles Darwin 1831 Darwin and the Galapagos * Galapagos- Islands off Ecuador * Darwin observed differences in animals that lived on different islands. * Example 1: Tortoises a. Saddle back tortoise-> had long necks / legs, lived where plants were tall. b. Domed tortoise-> shorter necks / legs, lived in wet areas rich in mosses and short plants. * Example 2: Finches a. Strong, thick beaks: lived in areas with large, hard shelled nuts. b. Delicate beaks: found where insects or fruits were available. Led Darwin to the idea of adaptation: species genetically change in a population over time. They adapt to their surroundings. He found fossil evidence which supported the idea of an ancient Earth. Argentina: giant armadillos, Glyptodon, thought the Earth was older than 6,000 years. Andes Mountains: fossils of marine organisms. Experienced earthquakes: he observed land that was underwater being pushed above sea level. His observations supported Lyell’s theory: “geologic processes can add up to great change over a long period of time.” Fun Fact: Darwin took three tortoises from the Galapagos back to England and named them Tom, Dick, and Harry. Relocated them to Australia because they couldn’t adapt to the climate. They thought they were all males, but later found out that one of the tortoises was a female and switched her name to Harriet. She died in 2006, she was 176 years old.