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Rivals 4iii The two leading city-states in Greece were Sparta and Athens. Sparta was founded by descendants of Dorian invaders of the Dark Age. Sparta was located in the Peloponnesus which is a peninsula in southern Greece. Their ecomony was based on agriculture; however, they did not found colonies. Instead, they invaded neighboring citystates and enslaved the people. Slaves or helots farmed estates and served as servants. Free individuals called perioeci were artisans and merchants from conquered territories who worked for Sparta. Helots and perioeci totaled 200,000 to 10,000 Spartans in population. After a revolt by the helots, Sparta established a military society. Life revolved around the army. Men must be first rate soldiers. • Women must be mothers of first rate soldiers. • Spartans did not need walls. • Infants were left to die if unhealthy. • Role of the Man • Age 7 boys were placed in military barracks and trained to read, write, and use weapons. • Age 20 Spartans became soldiers and sent to frontier areas. • Age 30 Men had to marry. • Age 60 Retire from the army. Role of the Woman • Raised to be healthy and strong (Females got just as much food as males). • Trained in gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing. Role of the Woman • Married at age 19 because infants were born healthier. • Could shop in market place, attend dinners with nonfamily members, and have a public opinion. Sparta’s Government • Established by a lawmaker named Lycurgus during the 800s B.C. • The Assembly (all male citizens over 30) passed laws and made decisions about war and peace. (Sparta’s Government) • 5 overseers or ephors were elected to administer public affairs. (veto power) • A Council of Elders made up of 28 men over age 60 proposed laws and served as a supreme court. Sparta controlled their subject people for 250 years, but they lagged behind other city -states in economic development. Athens was located on a peninsula in central Greece named Attica. Descendants of Mycenaeans established Athens. Athens was named for the goddess Athena. Free foreigners in Athens were called metics who could not originally own land or participate in government. By 507 B.C., the constitution or plan in government stated that all free Athenian born men were citizens regardless of class and could participate in the Assembly. Athenian Education depended on social and economic status. Athenian boys entered school at age 7 and graduated at age 18. They studied: • arithmetic • geometry • drawing • music • gymnastics • rhetoric or the art of public speaking Women did not receive a formal education, but learned household duties, like, weaving and baking from her mother. Four Government Leaders 1. Draco 2. Solon 3. Peisistratus 4. Cleisthenes Draco • Improved codes of laws in 621 B.C. • Penalties to offenders were harsh. • Laws ere written down therefore everyone knew them. • Aristocrats lost power to dictate what was legal and what was not. Solon • (poet-lawmaker) leader in 594 B.C. • improved economic conditions by canceling all land debts and freed debtors from slavery • promoted industry by ordering fathers to teach son a skill and extending citizenship to foreigners who would settle in Athens as skilled artisans. (Solon) • Political reforms that moved Athens toward democracy. • Citizens of all classes could participate in Assembly and public law courts. • Aristocratic Council of 400 was also established to draft measures that went to the Assembly for approval. Peisistratus • Ruled in 546 B.C. • Divided large estates among landless farmers and extended citizenship to men who did not own land. • Provided the poor with loans and put many of them to work building temples and other public works. Cleisthenes -508 B.C. • Intorduced a series of laws that established a democracy in Athens. • Sought to end local rivalries, break aristocratic power, and reorganize government. Cleisthenes (continued) • Assembly increased power and became major political body. • All citizens could belong to Assembly which served as the Supreme court and appointed generals to military. Cleisthenes (continued) • Council of 500 carried out daily government business chosen by a lottery. All citizens were capable of holding office and were required to participate. • Jury system to decide court cases. 201 to 1,001 members with a majority vote for a verdict. Cleisthenes (continued) • Ostracism or exiled if appeard on 6,000 ostraca • 20 % were citizens. • Foundation for western concept of democracy. “A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until the voters discover that they can vote themselves largesse from the public treasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates promising the most benefits from the public treasury with the result that a democracy always collapses over loose fiscal policy, always followed by a dictatorship. The average age of the world's greatest civilizations has been 200 years. “Great nations rise and fall. The people go from bondage to spiritual truth, to great courage, from courage to liberty, from liberty to abundance, from abundance to selfishness, from selfishness to complacency, from complacency to apathy, from apathy to dependence, from dependence back again to bondage.” - Alexander Tytler