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Forces of Imperialism Motives: • Economic competition for markets & raw materials • National pride • Racism • Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples Forces of Imperialism Technological Advantages over Africa: • Superior weapons • Railroads, cables, steamships • Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria Forces of Imperialism Factors Making Africa Vulnerable: • Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures • Ethnic rivalries • Lower level of technology, including weapons Division of Africa Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885: • Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries • Outcomes: – Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations – Transformation of the way of life of Africans “From Cairo to Cape Town” Division of Africa Clash in South Africa: • Zulus – Shaka – created large centralized state – Successors unable to keep together against British superior arms – British invaded 1879 – Fell to British control in 1887 • Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners – 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa • British – Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves Division of Africa Boer War (1899-1910): • Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s • Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics • British burned farms & imprisoned women & children • Britain finally won • Outcome: – Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British French Control of Indochina How Brought Under Control: • Missionaries were killed • French army invaded Vietnam • Combined it with Laos and Cambodia French Control of Indochina Method of Control: • Direct control – French themselves filled all important positions in gov’t French Control of Indochina Economic Policies: • Discouraged local industry • Rice became major export crop French Control of Indochina Colonial Impact: • Imposed French culture • All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models • ↓ of local industries • Less food for peasants Japanese in Asia War with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895): • How it started: – Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who asked China for military help – Chinese troops marched into Korea – Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its troops to fight the Chinese • Consequences: – – – – Destruction of Chinese navy Beginning of Japanese colonial empire Change to world’s balance of power Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers (& enemies) in Asia Japanese in Asia Occupation of Korea: • Annexed Korea – brought under control • Ruled Korea harshly • Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea • Inspired Korean nationalist movement Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Setting the Stage: – China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west favorable balance of trade – Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities found it in opium – Many Chinese became addicted Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Causes: – Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped Britain refused to stop Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China): • Results & Effects: – Chinese defeat & humiliation – Cession of Hong Kong to Britain – Continuation of opium trade – Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens – Chinese resentment against foreigners Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Setting the Stage: – Population provided major challenge growing 30% in only 60 years Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Causes: – Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed enormous population – Increasing opium addiction – Poverty Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China): • Results & Effects: – Rebellion put down – Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces) – 20 million people died Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Perry Arrives in Tokyo: – Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore – Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade – Perry gave threat that he would return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply – Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S. Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854): – Japan opened two ports where ships could take supplies Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan): • Benefits to U.S.A.: – Gained rights to trade at those two ports – Opened door for other W powers Effects of Imperialism Colonization: • Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America Effects of Imperialism Colonial Economics: • Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies Effects of Imperialism Christianization: • Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia