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Chapter 2 2
Chapter

The Challenge to Spain and the
Settlement of North America
The Protestant Reformation and
the Challenge to Spain
• Martin Luther
– 95 Theses
• John Calvin
– Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
• France, Netherlands, England all
experienced powerful Protestant movements
– challenged Spanish Power
New France: Early French
Explorers
• Giovanni da Verrazano
• Jacques Cartier
• Henry IV
– Huguenots
– Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Samuel de Champlain
Missions and Furs
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coureur de bois
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Algonquian
Iroquoian
Hurons
New France Under Louis XIV
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert in Canada
Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal
habitants
seigneurs
The Dutch and Swedish
Settlements
• 17th Century Dutch: more active overseas
than French
• Profit – main motivation in Dutch
expansion overseas
The East and West India
Companies
• Henry Hudson
• Dutch West India Company
– New Amsterdam
– Fort Orange
• patroonships
New Netherland as a Pluralistic
Society
• William Kieft: Pavonia Massacre (1643)
• War ensued with nearby Algonquians
Swedish and English
Encroachments
• Fort Christina (Wilmington)
• English settled around Chesapeake Bay and
New England
The Challenge from Elizabethan
England
• Giovanni Cabato (John Cabot), 1497
– Newfoundland
The English Reformation
• Elizabeth I
• Church of England (Anglicanism)
– Book of Common Prayer
• Puritans
• Separatists (colony of Plymouth)
Hawkins and Drake
• John Hawkins
• Francis Drake
Gilbert, Ireland, and America
• History of English attempts at control in
Ireland
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert
• Colonization of Ireland by the English
(1560-1640)
• English turn to America for colonization
Raleigh, Roanoke, and War with
Spain
• Sir Walter Raleigh
– Roanoke Island
• Spanish Armada & War 1588-1604
• Richard Hakluyt (elder and younger)
The Swarming of the English
• Over 700,000 immigrated from Europe or
(forcibly) Africa to English colonies in
North America and the Caribbean
– Many arrived with hope for a better lot in life
– Many arrived as servants
– Most immigrants were to plantation areas
The Pattern of Settlement in the
English Colonies up to 1700
The Chesapeake and West Indian
Colonies
• King James I of England, 1606
– Chartered the Virginia Company to colonize
North America between 34th and 45th parallels
– 2 headquarters:
• Plymouth Company, Sagadahoc, bankruptcy
• London Company and Jamestown
The Jamestown Disaster
• Jamestown (1607)
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Over 65% death rate 1st years
John Smith’s leadership
Powhatan and the 1st Indian War (1609-1614)
Near abandonment in 1610
Pocahantas: war ending hostage
John Rolfe and tobacco
Reorganization, Reform, and
Crisis
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House of Burgesses
“head-right” system
Opechancanough and the Massacre of 1622
2nd Indian War
Royal Intervention 1624
Tobacco, Servants, and Survival
• Natives driven between James & York
rivers
• Tobacco exports financed importation of
indentured servants
• Limited upward mobility
• Virginia heads toward oligarchy
Maryland
• Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
– Catholic, prominent officeholder
• Maryland Charter 1632: the Proprietary
model
• Economic and class structure similar to
Virginia
• Toleration Act of 1649
Chesapeake Family Life
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Men greatly outnumbered women in 17th century
Population becomes self-sustaining 1680
Men outlived women
Pre-marital 1st pregnancies over 50%
Groom in his 30’s, bride in her early 20’s
Frequent remarriage
Family loyalty and kinship
The West Indies and the
Transition to Slavery
• Leeward Islands
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St. Christopher
Nevis
Montserrat
Antigua
The Rise of Slavery in North
America
• Africans appeared in Virginia before 1619
• Uncertain status of Africans
– Some treated as servants
– England had no history of slavery at home
• By 1680: rigid caste system set in Chesapeake
colonies
– Fewer indentured servants
– Expanding English navy and army competed for young
men
– Slaves cost more, but served for life
The New England Colonies
• New England settlers reproduced mixed
economy of old England with some
variations
• Radical communitarian vision
• Early settlers questioned the English ways
• Over time, these settlers became more
conservative than earliest settlers
The Pilgrims and Plymouth
• Mayflower
– Mayflower Compact
• William Bradford
• Wampanoag
– Massasoit
Covenant Theology
• Charles I
• Puritans – large exodus settled
Massachusetts Bay, 1630-1641
• Idea of the covenant becomes powerful
social metaphor
– “City upon a Hill”
– John Winthrop
Massachusetts Bay
• Massachusetts Bay Company
• Settlers: broad middle range of English
society (few rich, few poor)
• Organized original settlements around
congregation
• Puritan orthodoxy and economics of
survival
Puritan Family Life
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New Englanders robust vs. sickly Virginians
Puritan families grew rapidly
New England families: intensely patriarchal
New England towns settled into a tight
community – fearful of letting “strangers”
in
Conversion, Dissent, and
Expansion
• New Haven Colony
– Thomas Hooker
• Roger Williams
• Anne Hutchinson
– Antinomian heresy
• Colony of Rhode Island
Congregations, Towns, and
Colony Governments
• Congregationalism
– Cambridge Platform (1648)
• Town becomes distinct from the
congregation
• Town Meetings
• Bicameral legislature, 1640’s Massachusetts
Infant Baptism and New Dissent
• 1640s, Baptists – only converted adults
receive right to baptism
– Harvard College
• Quakers – came from England in the 1650s
to New England
• Half-Way Covenant (1662)
The English Civil Wars
• Oliver Cromwell
• The “Restoration” – Charles II
The First Restoration Colonies
• 6 colonies founded under Restoration era
(1660-1688)
• These new colonies founded by men with
big ideas, but small purses
– Tried to persuade existing settlers to move to
new colonies
– Promised religious toleration or religious
liberty
Carolina, Harrington, and the
Aristocratic Ideal
• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina
(1669)
– Anthony Ashley-Cooper
– James Harrington
New York: An Experiment in
Absolutism
• Dutch ceded New Amsterdam – becomes
New York
• English absolutism makes it difficult to
attract English colonists to New York
• New York goes to Dutch hands again (New
Orange), then back to English
• Edmund Andros
Brotherly Love: The Quakers
America
• Society of Friends (Quakers)
– “Inner Light”
– Weekly meetings
– No established clergy
• Quakers infuriated other Christians
– Pacifists
– Denounced oath-taking
– Others saw them as “dangerous radicals”
Quaker Families
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Mary Dyer
Affectionate families
Large houses
To marry outside Quaker religion =
expulsion from the Society
• Strong need to provide for their children
and protect from worldly corruption
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
West New Jersey
• Sir George Carteret
• John, baron Berkeley
• West Jersey Concessions and Agreements
(1676)
Pennsylvania
• William Penn, gentleman and a Quaker
• Granted a charter for a proprietary colony:
Pennsylvania
• Led a group of Quaker colonists to America
• Pennsylvania:
– economic success
– Policy of of religious freedom
Conclusion
• France, Netherlands, England all founded
colonies in North American and Caribbean
in 1600s
• New France: missionaries and traders,
cooperation with Indians
• New Netherland: fur trading
• New England: desired land – establishment
of colonies