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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THE MOLECULES OF LIFE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MADE OF ◦ CARBON ◦ HYDROGEN ◦ Usually OXYGEN Sometimes: NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS SULFUR THE CARBON ATOM HAS FOUR VALENCE ELECTRONS FORMS STRONG COVALENT BONDS CAN FORM SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE BONDS LIKES TO BOND TO ITSELF http://www.visionlearning.com/library/modules /mid60/Image/VLObject-789021205011205.jpg ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBON COMPOUNDS TAKE MANY SHAPES SUCH AS: CHAINS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Branched Chains www.visionlearning.n. ..ages/c-isohexane.jpg ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND RINGS: www.hobart.k12.in.us... /Biology/glucose.jpg Functional Groups Groups of atoms sometimes bond to carbon chains These “functional” groups give the carbon compound unique properties Functional Groups -CH3 Methyl Group - Phosphate group Building Organic Compounds Monomers are single units of an organic compound that have all the properties of the compound Polymers are large organic compounds consisting of several monomers bonded together Macromolecules refer to extremely large polymers ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS ◦ USED FOR ENERGY ◦ PRODUCED BY PLANTS THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS CARBOHYDRATES IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/11-nutrients.htm CARBOHYDRATES MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN THE RATIO OF C:H:O IS 1:2:1 COUNT THE ATOMS http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/11nutrients.htm Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers. Each isomer has its own properties because the shape of the molecule determines its characteristics. Shape determines Properties! http://www.biotech.um.edu.mt/home_pa ges/chris/Basic%20Physiology/Basicima ge/Carbohydrates.jpg CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS ◦ SIMPLE SUGARS ◦ MONOSACCHARIDES are the monomers of carbohydrates ◦ C6H12O6 is the formula for a monosaccharide ◦ GLUCOSE---blood sugar ◦ FRUCTOSE---fruit sugar ◦ GALACTOSE---found in milk CONDENSATION REACTION (Dehydration Synthesis) Building a large organic molecule from two smaller organic molecules by removing a molecule of water occurs through a process called a condensation reaction. The water is produced by removing a OHgroup from one molecule and a H+ from a hydroxide group in the other molecule. Hydrolysis The breaking of polymers into monomers through the addition of water CARBOHYDRATES DISACCHARIDES are built from two monosaccharides. C12H22O11 is the general formula ◦ SUCROSE—table sugar; sweet ◦ LACTOSE—milk sugar; nourishment for young mammals ◦ MALTOSE—Sugar in seeds; Nourishment for embryo plants DISACCHARIDES GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = MALTOSE + H2O GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE + H2O GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE + H2O CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES ◦ LARGE MOLECULES (POLYMERS) ◦ MADE OF MANY MONOSACCHARIDES BONDED TOGETHER ◦ STARCH— ENERGY STORAGE IN PLANTS ◦ GLYCOGEN—ENERGY STORAGE IN ANIMALS ◦ CELLULOSE—CELL WALL CONSTRUCTION ◦ CHITIN—CELL WALLS IN FUNGI & EXOSKELETONS IN ARTHROPODS LIPIDS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN MONOMERS ARE GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS LIPIDS THE HIGH CARBON:HYDROGEN RATIO ENABLES THE MOLECULES TO STORE MORE ENERGY THAN CARBOHYDRATES. LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS ◦MADE OF LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS ◦ATTACHED TO A CARBOXYL FUNCTIONAL GROUP LIPIDS SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ◦ HAVE ONLY SINGLE CARBON TO CARBON BONDS ◦ FATTY ACID TAILS ARE STRAIGHT ◦ CAN CAUSE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SATURATED FAT THE BAD FAT LIPIDS UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ◦ HAVE ONE OR MORE DOUBLE CARBON TO CARBON BONDS ◦ FATTY ACID TAILS ARE “KINKED” ◦ LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS UNSATURATED FAT THE GOOD FAT SATURATED vs. UNSATURATED LIPIDS UNSATURATED FATS ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OLIVE OIL AND CORN OIL ARE UNSATURATED FATS MOST SATURATED FATS ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE BUTTER AND LARD ARE SATURATED FATS ◦ COCONUT OIL IS AN EXCEPTION TRANS FAT THE NEW HEALTH THREAT TYPES of LIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES ◦ 3 FATTY ACIDS:1 GLYCEROL ◦ USED FOR INSULATION UNDER THE SKIN AND AROUND ORGANS ◦ STORE ENERGY FOR FUTURE USE TYPES of LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS ◦Made of a polar head and a nonpolar tail ◦Main component of cell membranes PHOSPHOLIPIDS COMPOSED OF: ◦ TWO FATTY ACIDS ◦ ONE GLYCEROL ◦ ONE PHOSPHATE GROUP PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE This is a simple representation of a phospholipid. The yellow structure represents the hydrophilic or water loving section of the phospholipid. PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE The blue tails that come off of the sphere represent the hydrophobic or water fearing end of the phospholipid. PHOPSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE THE UNSATURATED FATTY ACID TAILS CREATE KINKS THAT ENABLE THE PHOSOPHOLIPID TO SPIN FREELY TYPES of LIPIDS Phospholipids allow our membranes to be fluid. TYPES of LIPIDS STEROIDS ◦ CHEMICAL MESSENGERS ◦ Composed of four fused carbon rings TYPES OF LIPIDS STEROIDS (CONT.) ◦ CHOLESTEROL KEEPS MEMBRANES FLUID AT LOW TEMPERATURES STABILIZES MEMBRANES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES (KEEPS THEM TOGETHER) ◦ ESTROGEN and TESTOSTERONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS TYPES of LIPIDS WAXES ◦ WATERPROOF FORM A PROTECTIVE COATING ON PLANTS FORM PROTECTIVE LAYERS IN ANIMALS EARWAX PREVENTS BACTERIA FROM ENTERING THE EAR Proteins PROTEINS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN MONOMERS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS AMINO ACIDS ESSENTIAL ◦ CANNOT BE MADE BY THE BODY ◦ MUST BE SUPPLIED IN THE DIET NONESSENTIAL ◦ CAN BE MADE BY THE BODY AMINO ACID STRUCTURE Amino Acid Structure The alpha carbon is in the center A hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group (acid group), and an amino group are bonded to the alpha carbon in all amino acids. The rest of the amino acid referred to as the “R” group is unique to each of the 20 amino acids. Condensation Reaction Polypeptide is the name given to protein polymers. They can be built by removing a molecule of water from every two amino acids that are bonded together. Peptide Bonds Notice that the H+ is removed from the amino group of one amino acid, and the OH- is removed from the carboxyl group of the other amino acid. Hydrolysis Polypeptides can be broken down into amino acids by adding back the water that was removed. PROTEINS STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ◦ UNIQUELY MADE IN EACH PERSON ◦ USED FOR SKIN, HAIR, NAILS, MUSCLES, BONES Examples: collagen and keratin PROTEINS TRANSPORT PROTEINS ◦ Found in the cell membrane to bring molecules in and out ◦ Some are unique to particular cells Example: Hemoglobin—carries oxygen PROTEINS MESSENGER PROTEINS ◦ Hormones are chemical messengers Example: Insulin—regulates blood sugar MOTILE PROTEINS (MOVEMENT) ◦ Found in cytoskeleton and muscles Examples: actin and myosin PROTEINS ◦ STORAGE PROTEINS Proteins that remain in supply for growth and development Example: egg white ◦ DEFENSE PROTEINS Antibodies fight specific infections PROTEINS ENZYMES ◦ CONTROL EVERY ACTIVITY IN THE CELL ◦ SPEED UP REACTIONS AT LEAST ONE-MILLION TIMES ◦ Examples: lactase, sucrase PROTEINS Heat can change protein structure Click eggs to watch the bonds change. Other agents that denature proteins are extreme pH exposure to Pb and Hg NUCLEIC ACIDS MADE OF MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES ◦ ONE 5-CARBON SUGAR ◦ ONE PHOSPHATE GROUP ◦ ONE NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE DNA TRANSMITS GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION NECESSARY TO TELL THE CELL HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS DNA THE GENETIC MATERIAL IN THE NUCLEUS DOUBLE HELIX FORMS CHROMATIN AND CHROMOSOMES Watson & Crick Used the research of many people Put together the double helix model of DNA Won the Nobel Prize with Wilkins for the model Rosalind Franklin Took the x-ray pictures of DNA that enabled Watson and Crick to figure out the double helix model Died before the Nobel Prize was awarded RNA COPIES THE DNA GENETIC CODE CONTROLS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ACCORDING TO DIRECTIONS FROM DNA DNA vs. RNA SUGAR IN DNA IS DEOXYRIBOSE ALWAYS IN A DOUBLE STRAND CALLED A HELIX HAS FOUR BASES: ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE, AND CYTOSINE SUGAR IN RNA IS RIBOSE EXISTS AS A SINGLE STRAND HAS FOUR BASES: ADENINE, URACIL, GUANINE, AND CYTOSINE ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Composed of ◦ Adenine-a nitrogen base ◦ Ribose-a five-carbon sugar ◦ Three phosphate groups The molecule is the energy storage mechanism for all living things. Recycling ATP When energy is needed, the cell breaks down ATP molecules. ATP ENERGY + ADP + Phosphate During cellular respiration, energy is released and used to replace the phosphate. ADP + ENERGY + Phosphate ATP ATP
