Download The Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire
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8-F CLOZE notes
1
Objectives:
A. Understand why Constantinople became
known as the “New Rome.”
B. Summarize the ways in which the Byzantine
empire flourished under Justinian.
C. Analyze how Christianity in the Byzantine
empire differed from Christianity in the
west.
D. Explain why the Byzantine empire collapsed
and examine the empire’s lasting heritage.
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3
The Founding 6:17
(Be patient May be slow to start)
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1. Which symbol of the witch-goddess
Hecate was adopted first by the
Byzantines and later by the Muslims?
a. The cross
b. The sword
c. The crescent
d. The lion
The banner of Constantinople
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Const
antinople-Banner.svg
Ottoman Flag
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_Flag.svg
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2. What had to happen in order for Justinian
to marry Theodora?
a. He had to get a divorce.
b. A law had to be appealed.
c. A law had to be written.
d. He had to ask her father.
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2. What became a standard of Byzantine
architecture?
a. arches
b. ziggurats
c. columns
d. domes
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Objective One:
Understand why Constantinople became
known as the “New Rome.”
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
1. In 285 Diocletian divides Roman empire
into eastern and western sections.
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http://www.indiana.edu/~hisdcl/images/diocletian'srome.jpg
I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
1. In 285 Diocletian divides Roman empire
into eastern and western sections.
a. He chooses Nicomedia as his seat of
power.
http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/canal_map.gif
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
2. Later, Emperor Constantine chooses
Greek city of Byzantium as new capital
of Roman empire.
http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/canal_map.gif
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
2. Later, Emperor Constantine chooses
Greek city of Byzantium as new capital
of Roman empire.
a. Strategically located -- on Bosporus
Strait -- between Mediterranean &
Black Seas
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bosporus_Strait_and_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpeg
Click on
Globe for
Google
Earth
visit to
Istanbul
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
2. Later, Emperor Constantine chooses
Greek city of Byzantium as new capital
of Roman empire.
a. Strategically located -- on Bosporus
Strait -- between Mediterranean &
Black Seas
b. Excellent harbor
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http://i.pbase.com/u22/bill_scull/large/10215339.TurkeyIstanbulH
arbor.jpg
I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
2. Later, Emperor Constantine chooses
Greek city of Byzantium as new capital
of Roman empire.
c. Easy to defend: three sides were
water;
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http://www.historyonmaps.com/BWSamples/big/Constantinople.jpg
I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
2. Later, Emperor Constantine chooses
Greek city of Byzantium as new capital
of Roman empire.
c. Easy to defend: three sides were
water; Constantine
strengthens land
and sea walls.
d. Wealth from trade–
land & sea routes
http://www.neobyzantine.org/pics/constantinople/walls_constan
tinoples.jpg
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http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/history/jmoore/RomanTradeRoutesMap.jpeg18
I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
3. In 330, Constantine renames Byzantium
to Constantinople.
a. “New Rome’s” roads lead to the
Balkans, Middle East, & North Africa.
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
4. 476, western portion of Roman empire
falls but the economically sound eastern
portion becomes the Byzantine Empire.
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“The Roman Empire Did Not
Fall…” 1:25
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After the Fall of Rome – A.D. 476
http://gallery.sjsu.edu/oldworld/ancientrome/empire_map/476ad.jpg
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I.
Constantine creates a “New Rome”
A. Background
4. 476, western portion of Roman empire
falls but the economically sound eastern
portion becomes the Byzantine Empire
a. As heir to Rome it magnificently
blends the Christian traditions with
the cultures of Greece, Rome, &
Middle East.
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Objective Two:
Summarize the ways in which the Byzantine
empire flourished under Justinian.
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Justinian and Theodora Remake the
Roman Empire 3:52
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1. Justinian and Theodora spoke
Roman Latin or Eastern Greek?
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2. How did the statuary of the Byzantine
empire differ from those of ancient
Greece and Rome?
a. They were idealistic – think Leonidas.
b. They revealed wrinkles, stubble from a
beard, frown lines.
c. They were expressionless.
d. They were very colorful and exciting.
Alex the Great
Caesar
Constantine
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
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http://campus.belmont.edu/honors/Ravenna/RavSVitaleJustParade.jpg
II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
1. Expanded empire by recouping land
the Roman empire had lost in its
waning years
29
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
1. Expanded empire by recoupingland
the Roman empire had lost in its
waning years – North Africa ,
31
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
32
II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
1. Expanded empire by recouping land
the Roman empire had lost in its
waning years – North Africa, Italy,
33
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
1. Expanded empire by recouping land
the Roman empire had lost in its
waning years – North Africa, Italy,
and the southern Iberian peninsula.
35
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
36
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
2. Rebuilt Constantinople (532) after
fire. Example: Hagia Sophia
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Click here for article and 3-D interior view
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
3. Reformed law
a. A commission collected, revised &
reorganized into Justinian’s Code
1) By 1100s, monarchs of W. Europe
& the Roman Catholic Church
modeled their laws on it.
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
3. Reformed law
a. A commission collected, revised &
reorganized Justinian’s Code
2) Became basis for international
law used today.
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
B. Ruled as an autocrat, or sole ruler with
complete authority–
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II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
B. Ruled as an autocrat, or sole ruler with
complete authority– but had help from his
wife, Theodora.
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http://www.mlahanas.de/Hellas/Byzanz/Bio/TheodoraI.jpg
II. Emperor Justinian ( 527-565)
A. Unwavering in his desire to restore
the empire to the greatness that was
Rome.
B. Ruled as an autocrat, or sole ruler with
complete authority.
1. He was deemed Christ’s co-ruler on
earth.
2. As result, he is both political and
spiritual leader.
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III. Success of the Empire
(527 – 1054)
A. Causes of Success
1. Strong central government; autocratic;
strict control over economy which lead
to prosperity
a. Peasants: backbone
1) Worked the land
2) Paid taxes
3) Provided soldiers
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III. Success of the Empire
(527 – 1054)
A. Causes of Success
1. Strong central government; autocratic;
strict control over economy which lead
to prosperity
b. Cities: trade & industry
c. Continued use of money
(Byzantine gold coins found from
England to China, yet use of
currency vanishes in W. Europe)
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III. Success of the Empire
(527 – 1054)
A. Causes of Success
1. Strong central government; autocratic;
strict control over economy which lead
to prosperity
d. Strongest military force in world
provided protection
1) Soldier, ships, sailors protected
empire
2) Fortifications protected
Constantinople
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3) Greek Fire
Greek Fire
http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/greek_fire.html
“The "liquid fire" was hurled on to the ships of their enemies from siphons and burst into flames on contact. As it was reputed to be
inextinguishable and burned even on water, it caused panic and dread. Its introduction into warfare of its time was comparable in its
demoralizing influence to the introduction of nuclear weapons in our time. Both Arab and Greek sources agree that it surpassed all
incendiary weapons in destruction” (Provatas).
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III. Success of the Empire
(527 – 1054)
A. Causes of Success
1. Strong central government; autocratic;
strict control over economy which lead
to prosperity
d. Strongest military force in world
provided protection
4) Fended off attacks by Persians,
Slavs, Vikings, Mongols, & Turks
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III. Success of the Empire
(527 – 1054)
A. Causes of Success
1. Strong central government; autocratic;
strict control over economy which lead
to prosperity
d. Strongest military force in world
provided protection
5) Acted as buffer keeping would
be invaders from reaching W.
Europe until the Muslims in 7th&
8th centuries.
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51
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg
Objective Three:
Analyze how Christianity in the Byzantine
empire differed from Christianity in the
west
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
A. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity and
Roman or Western Christianity
1. In the beginning both were influential
both socially & politically, but had slight
differences in practice.
2. Overtime those differences in practices
and in political influence increased.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
B. Byzantine or Eastern Christianity verses
Roman or Western Christianity.
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The Virgin of Vladmir 11th/12th c
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ikon/vladmir.gif
Archangel Michael, Constantinople 12th c
http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibitions/byzantium/imagegallery-exhibition-highlights/gallery-of-key-images-7,16,BZ.html
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
C. The divide between western Christianity
and Byzantine Christianity increases
until, in 1054, a schism, or permanent
split, occurs.
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Michael Cerularios,
Patriarch of
Constantinople
Pope Saint Leo IX
(1049-1054)
Western
Christianity
Byzantine
Christianity
illumination from a Greek 15th century manuscript,
National Library, Palermo
http://www.30giorni.it/foto/1076941488138.jpg
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Michael Cerularios,
Patriarch of
Constantinople
Pope Saint Leo IX
(1049-1054)
Roman Eastern or
Catholic Greek
Church Orthodox
Church
illumination from a Greek 15th century manuscript,
National Library, Palermo
http://www.30giorni.it/foto/1076941488138.jpg
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
C. The divide between western Christianity and
Byzantine Christianity increases until, in 1054, a
schism, or permanent split, occurs.
1. Byzantine Christianity now the Eastern or
Greek Orthodox Church
2. Western Christianity now the Roman Catholic
Church.
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IV. Byzantine Christianity
C. The divide between western Christianity and
Byzantine Christianity increases until, in
1054, a schism, or permanent split, occurs.
3. Excommunication: exclusion from the
Church as a penalty for obeying Church
Law. Patriarch & Pope excommunicate
each other– become “rivals rather than
branches of the same faith” (Ellis 287).
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Roman
Catholic
Church
Eastern or Greek
Orthodox Church
St. Peter’s Basilica,
Vatican City
Church of St.
George, Istanbul
icons
Christmas
statues
Pope
Patriarch
Easter
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Objective Four:
Explain why the Byzantine empire collapsed
& examine the empire’s lasting heritage.
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
A. Justinian’s improvements & expansion of
his empire were temporary.
1. Improvements caused his treasury to
diminish.
2. Expansion caused a weakened defense
of original Byzantine empire.
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http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_mid_civ.htm
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
B. Justinian’s successors lose the lands he
won and then some, until all that remains
is the city of Constantinople and its
outlaying area.
1. Normans took
southern Italy
2. The Seljuk Turks
took Asia Minor
Byzantium through the ages
70
click for Interactive
map:
V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
C. The Crusades
1. 1090, the Seljuk Turks (Muslim)
interfere with pilgrims when they close
off route to Jerusalem; the Byzantine
emperor to asked Rome for help; so
began the First Crusade.
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
C. The Crusades
2. 1204, Venetian merchants, rivals for
trade with Byzantine merchants,
convince crusaders to attack
Constantinople: crusaders (and
Venetian merchants) win: therefore all
gold, trade, etc. goes to the West for
next fifty years.
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
D. 1453, Ottoman Turks (Muslims) attack
Constantinople;
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Ottoman Turks Gain Control of
Constantinople 3:25
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1. Which ruler died on the last day of
Constantinople?
a. General Maximus Decimus Meridius
b. Emperor Constantine XI
c. Sultan Mehmed II
d. Emperor Marcus Aurelius
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
D. 1453, Ottoman Turks (Muslims) attack
Constantinople;.
Byzantine emperor
chooses to die
fighting; after two
month siege,
Constantinople falls
76
V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
E. Under Muslim rule
1. Constantinople
renamed to
Istanbul
Click
for song
http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/SODimages5/202_
Constantinople.jpg
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V. Crisis & Collapse (1054--1458)
E. Under Muslim rule
1. Constantinople
renamed to
Istanbul
2. Hagia Sophia
converted to a
mosque
3. Istanbul becomes
center of Muslim
culture
http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/SODimages5/202_
Constantinople.jpg
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VI.The Byzantine Heritage
A. “For 1,000 years, the Byzantines built
on the culture of the Hellenistic world”
(Ellis 288). It blended:
1. Christian religious beliefs
2. Greek science, philosophy, arts,
literature
3. Roman engineering, law
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VI.The Byzantine Heritage
B. Influence of Byzantine art (icons and
mosaics) and engineering (palaces and
churches) evident in western Europe’s
art of Middle Ages.
Bible from Middle Ages on display @ Met
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VI.The Byzantine Heritage
C. As the empire declined, many scholars
left, their minds and arms filled with
the knowledge of the ancient Greeks,
Romans, Persians & Byzantines. In
Italy, these scholars planted the seeds
for the Rebirth of Europe or the
Renaissance.
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The Byzantine Legacy 4:53
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Works Cited
"Byzantium 330-1453." Royal Academy of the Arts. 2009. 26 Jan 2009
<<http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibitions/byzantium/>.
Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History. New York. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
"The Glory of Byzantium." The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2009. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 26 Jan
2009 <http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byzhome.html>.
Halsall (Ed), Paul. "Byzantine Images." Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet. Mar 2004. Internet
History Sourcebooks Project. 12 Feb 2009
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/images.html#ex1>.
Hooker, Richard . "The Byzantine Empire." World Civilizations. 1999. Washington State University. 6 Feb
2009 <http://www.edunetconnect.com/TimeMachine/mediterranean-1500.php>.
The New Rome: The Byzantine Empire. 12 Feb 2009 <www.atech.org/faculty/VYoung/Val-World/07-
Byzantium/ClassPPT/Byzantine%20Empire%2001-06.pdf>.
Provatas, Nikolaos (Ed.). The Alexiad of Anna Comnena. 2008.
<http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/greek_fire.html>. 10 Feb 2009.
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FYI
Barnes, Patrick. "A History of the Orthodox Church." Orthodox Christian Information Center.
2008. OCIC. 11 Feb 2009
<http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/history3.aspx#Byzantine%20Christianity>.
“The Age of Justinian.” "Early Byzantine Christianity." “East and West.” worldtimelines.org.uk.
2007. British Museum. 11 Feb 2009
<http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/south_east/AD400800/EarlyByzantineChristianity>.
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