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Memory
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. When Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory, the information he memorized was
a. poetry. b. scripture verses. c. nonsense syllables. d. word pairs.
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2. An essay test is best described as a ______ test of memory.
a. cued recall b. free recall c. recognition d. relearning
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3. Which kind of memory test are you taking right now?
a. free recall b. cued recall c. recognition d. savings
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4. When you remember how to tie your shoes, what type of memory is this?
a. factual b. procedural c. episodic d. state dependent
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5. Your memory of an event that happened on your first day of high school is both a ______ memory and an ______ memory.
a. procedural ... implicit b. declarative ... implicit c. procedural ... episodic d. declarative ... episodic
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6. Everything you see first enters a sensory store. If you do not attend to it, about how long will the information stay there?
a. less than a second b. 10-20 seconds c. about an hour d. until you use it in some way
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7. If you meet someone and use her correct name immediately but cannot remember it a half-hour later, the name probably was in your
a. sensory store. b. episodic memory. c. short-term memory. d. long-term memory.
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8. Memory for specific life events such as graduating from high school, or getting married, is known as
a. semantic memory. b. episodic memory. c. procedural memory. d. implicit memory.
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9. When you remember how a clock works, what type of memory is that?
a. episodic b. semantic c. short-term d. implicit
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10. One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that
a. we forget long-term memories because of decay and short-term memories because of interference. b. long-term memory can hold a
vast amount of information and short-term memory can hold only about seven items c. short-term memory holds language items and
long-term memory holds skills. d. short-term memory holds skills and long-term memory holds language items.
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11. "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of
a. the visual sensory store. b. semantic memory. c. short-term memory. d. flashbulb memories.
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12. One way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to
a. pause a few minutes between learning the material and testing memory. b. organize the material into chunks. c. think only about
the sound of the words and not their meaning. d. make sure you have more retroactive interference than proactive interference.
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13. An association that facilitates remembering information in long-term memory is known as a/an ______ cue.
a. encoding b. rehearsal c. retrieval d. consolidation
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14. According to the levels-of-processing principle, some memories are easier to recall than others because
a. we held them in short-term memory longer before transferring them into long-term memory. b. we stored them deeper in the
cerebral cortex. c. we thought about them more during the storage process. d. we stored them in terms of sound and structure of the
word instead of meaning.
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15. To improve your depth of processing, you could go through the items on the list and think about the meaning of each one. What is
another way you could improve your depth of processing?
a. Study in just one time and place in order to increase the probability of context-dependent memory. b. Study the list by the massedpractice method. c. Look for relationships among the items, such as ways that you might group or organize the items. d. Simply
repeat the items on the list over and over.
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16. Suppose you study a list of words. Later someone is going to give you some reminders and ask you to recall words on the list related to
each reminder. Because of the encoding specificity principle, what should you do to increase your probability of recalling as many
words as possible?
a. try to arrange the words into categories b. arrange the words in alphabetic order c. think about every possible meaning of each
word d. repeat each word on the list 10 times, and then move on to the next word
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17. According to the principle of encoding specificity, if you want to do well on a particular exam you should
a. study in a variety of places. b. make your study conditions as similar as possible to the conditions under which you will be tested.
c. study at different times of the day. d. try to study as much material as possible the night before the exam.
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18. Many people have a vivid recollection of where they were when they heard shocking news such as the assassination of a political
leader. This is an example of
a. recovered memory. b. flashbulb memory. c. eyewitness memory. d. tabloid memory.
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19. Activation of certain peripheral nerves that extend into the brain enhances the formation of long-term memories by
a. raising the level of epinephrine in the brain. b. lowering the level of glucose in the brain. c. increasing the speed of neural
transmission across the synapse. d. increasing the excitation of the corpus callosum.
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20. What is a mnemonic device?
a. a machine that measures brain waves b. a method for increasing speed of reading c. a method for improving memorization d. a
machine that tests memory
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21. Both proactive interference and retroactive interference
a. are examples of mnemonic devices. b. improve long-term memory. c. improve short-term memory. d. increase forgetting.
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22. If you were trying to remember the names of U.S. presidents, you would probably have the most trouble remembering
a. the first few. b. the last few. c. the ones near the middle of the order. d. those of the party you do not favor.
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23. Which of the following is likely to occur in our recall of an event?
a. Incorrect suggestions given after the event will wipe out memory for the original event. b. Details that don't fit in with the rest of the
story will be omitted or distorted. c. It is either recalled word-for-word or not recalled at all. d. We are very accurate at dating events
based on their sharpness in memory.
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24. Research on implanted (false) memories suggest that
a. it is almost impossible to implant a false memory. b. repeatedly suggesting that something "might have" occurred may implant or
distort a memory. c. all reports of childhood sexual abuse are implanted. d. courts should be willing to accept all memories that are
recovered by licensed therapists.
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25. The patient H.M. suffered memory problems after damage to his
a. hippocampus. b. hippopotamus. c. hip-hooray. d. hypnotist.
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26. Since Wanda's brain operation she has been unable to store any new memories to recall them an hour or more later. However, she still
recalls everything that happened before her operation. What kind of memory loss does she have?
a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. global amnesia d. context-dependent memory
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27. After Wilbur fell off his motorcycle, he forgot just about everything that had happened during the last hour before his accident. What
kind of memory loss is this?
a. global b. anterograde c. retrograde d. procedural
28. Identify two methods to improve memory recall a) _________________________________
29. b) _______________________________________
30. Because the hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation, __________________________ is critical in the memory
process.