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Human Health & Physiology Test Mark Scheme 1. C [1] 2. D [1] 3. A [1] 4. D [1] 5. C [1] 6. C [1] 7. D [1] 8. B [1] 9. B [1] 10. D [1] 11. A [1] 12. C [1] 13. C [1] 14. D [1] 15. C [1] 16. A [1] 17. B [1] 18. C [1] 1 19. Award [1] for each of the following structures clearly drawn and labelled correctly in a diagram of the heart. left and right ventricle; left and right atria; atrioventricular valves / bicuspid / mitral and tricuspid valves; semilunar valves; aorta and vena cava; pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein; ventricle wall thicker than atria; left ventricle wall thicker than right ventricle wall; Do not award marks for a diagram with only the ventricles or atria. However, it is not necessary to show the cordae tendinae. [6] 20. ventilation (is): [2 max] movement of air; movement in and out of the lungs; caused by muscles; an active process; involves mass flow / involves flow along air passages; gas exchange (is): [2 max] movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen; (occurs when) oxygen moves from lungs / alveoli to red blood cells / carbon dioxide moves to lungs / alveoli from red blood cells; (occurs when) oxygen moves from red blood cells to tissues / carbon dioxide moves to red blood cells from tissues; a passive process / diffusion; takes place across a surface; [4] 21. (a) Must have both for [1]. antigen is a substance / molecule that causes antibody formation; antibody is a (globular) protein / molecule that recognizes an antigen; (b) (c) antigen causes an immune response to produce antibodies specific for that antigen; antibodies produced in B-lymphocytes; B-lymphocytes produced in bone marrow; carried in blood; antigen presenting cell / helper T cell present antigen to B cell; 1 3 max Must name two for [1]. CO ; 2 O; 2 hormones; named nutrient; urea / excess ions; platelets; bicarbonate; 1 max [5] 2 22. negative feedback (to maintain homeostasis); insulin produced in -cells; glucagon produced in -cells; glucose levels monitored in Islet of Langerhans in pancreas; after meal blood glucose level goes up; insulin is secreted; causes muscle / liver / adipose cells to take up glucose; stored as glycogen / lipid; return blood glucose levels to normal; when blood glucose goes down between meals; glucagon is secreted; causes breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver; blood glucose levels return to normal; (Plus up to [2] for quality) 9 max [9] 23. (a) concentration rises throughout pregnancy; the rise is exponential / levels rise significantly later in pregnancy; Award [0]for a description which only implies a rise. (b) the CRH concentration is lower in late deliveries / higher in full-term deliveries; differences greater / become more pronounced later in the pregnancy; both rise gradually; –3 (c) 57 pmol dm of plasma; (± 3) Value and unit needed for [1]. (d) high concentration would indicate women at high risk of premature delivery; low concentration would indicate women at risk of going past term / delivering late; concentration could be used to indicate when delivery is imminent; concentration might indicate special precautions or medical technique needed; (eg reduce physical activity of mother or provide special incubator for likely premature birth or induce labour for past term mothers); (e) 2 2 max 1 2 max low water: toads can mate earlier as conditions dry; toads can move to larger ponds; tadpole / organism cannot survive in absence of water; high water: larger toads more resistant to predation; larger toads more attractive to mates; 3 max (f) concentrations of thyroxine and corticosterone higher in low water group / vice versa; greater difference in thyroxine concentration / less difference in corticosterone concentration between the two groups; in both groups thyroxine concentrations are higher than corticosterone concentrations; 2 max Comparisons need to be made between the two hormones in the high water environment / low water environment. (g) CRH levels would be higher in the low water group / vice versa; 1 [13] 3