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Physical Anthropology – Exam 2 – Fall 2002
Section 1: Multiple Choice (30 questions at 2 point each equals 60 points).
1. Which of the following is a human physiological adjustment to the cold?
a. Blood-cell packing
b. Increased melanin production
c. Vasoconstriction
d. Eugenic reproduction
e. None of the above
2. Bergmann’s rule states that individuals living in hotter climates will tend to:
a. Be short and squat to reduce exposure to damaging UV radiation.
b. Produce more and larger granules of melanin, thus darkening their skin.
c. Produce more red blood cells to oxygenate their body as a response to dehydration.
d. Be tall and thin to reduce body mass and increase surface area, thus producing less and radiating away
more heat.
e. Have a drastic difference in size between males and females of the species.
3. Which of the following populations has been shown to have some kind of genetic resistance to HIV infection?
a. Native Australians
b. Native Americans
c. South Asians
d. European Cuacasoids
e. Mbuti Pygmies in the Congo
4. The founder of the eugenics movement was:
a. Adolf Hitler
b. Eleanor Roosevelt
c. Charles Darwin
d. Francis Galton
e. Robert Jurmain
5. Nursing has been shown to have a tendency to __________ the chances of _______________.
a. Increase; ovulation
b. Decrease; ovulation
c. Decrease; HIV infection in women
d. Increase; developing skin cancer among Caucasoids living in equatorial Africa
e. Stabilize; developing ovarian cancer in genetically-prone women
6. I walk on my knuckles, have longer arms than legs, and have a brachiating ancestry. I am:
a. Gorilla
b. Baboon
c. Howler Monkey
d. Loris
e. None of the above
7. I have a prehensile tail, am solely arboreal, and live in South America. I am:
a. Platyrrhine
b. New World Monkey
c. Cattarhine
d. A and B
e. B and C
8. I have a long snout, a tail, a wet nose, and live in Madagascar. I am:
a. Lemur
b. Loris
c. Tarsier
d. Siamang
e. Marmoset
9. The Miocene epoch is most associated with the development of the:
a. Prosimians
b. Apes
c. Monkeys
d. Hominids
e. Plesiadapiforms
10. The Paleocene epoch began or is at least associated with the __________ approximately 65 million years ago.
a. Extinction of the dinosaurs
b. Adaptive radiation of the primitive mammals
c. Development of the first stone tools by cave men
d. A and B
e. B and C
11. The Oligocene epoch is most associated with the development of the:
a. Prosimians
b. Apes
c. Monkeys
d. Hominids
e. Plesiadapiforms
12. The most primitive monkeys are the Callitrichids such as the marmoset. What about them is primitive?
a. Single births
b. Presence of claws.
c. Dental combs.
d. A and B
e. B and C
13. Two major groups of modern prosimians are_____________
a. Lemurs and Cebids
b. Lorises and Hylobates
c. Lemurs and Lorises
d. Tarsiers and Plesiadapiformes
e. Omomyids and Adapids
14. Primates have NOT been observed to:
a. use tools
b. use plants as medicine
c. learn through observation
d. engage in displays of affection, compassion, and grooming
e. All of the above actually have been observed to one degree or another in primates
15. A generally aggressive or dominance asserting behavior among primates is:
a. Mounting another primate
b. Branchshaking/Displaying
c. Yawning to expose the canines
d. Staring
e. All of the above
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16. The best indicator of a taxonomic/evolutionary relationship among two animals is _______, at least as far as
cladistic taxonomists are concerned:
a. being found in the same fossil bed
b. presence of analogous traits
c. presence of shared, derived characters
d. presence of shared primitive characters
e. presence of autapomorphs in one of the animals
17. The most basic unit social unit of any primate group is:
a. The monogamous mating couple
b. Mother and infant
c. Brother and sister
d. Alpha Male and every female
e. There are no social relationships among primates
18. Which of the following can be classified as an anthropoid?
a. Apes
b. Monkeys
c. Prosimians
d. A and B
e. All of the above
19. The proper order for a Linnean taxonomy, in order from most general taxon to most specific, is:
a. Phylum, Class, Order, Kingdom, Species, Genus, Family
b. Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species
c. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
d. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
e. Order, Family, Kingdom, Class, Phylum, Genus, Species
20. The term “Primate” is an example of what level of Linnaean taxonomy?
a. Family
b. Class
c. Order
d. Genus
e. Kingdom
21. Stephen J. Gould’s idea that species remain relatively unchanging for long periods of time interrupted by short
bursts of rapid evolution is called:
a. Punctuated Equilibrium
b. Speciation
c. Gradualism
d. Sociobiology
e. Socioecology
22. Male Hanuman langurs were shown to have committed infanticide in order to:
a. Assert dominance over the females through this brutal show of force
b. Annoy the other males and goad them into a fight
c. Eat the corpses. Hanumans are carnivorous.
d. Bring the females into estrus in order to mate.
e. None of the above.
23. The primate researcher most known for working with chimpanzees at the Gombe Preserve is:
a. Louis Leakey
b. Mary Leakey
c. Birute Galdikas
d. Jane Goodall
e. Dian Fossey
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24. Proconsul had an interesting mixture of ape and monkey features. This special individual was found in what
epoch?
a. Pliocene
b. Miocene
c. Eocene
d. Oligocene
e. Paleocene
25. Aegyptopithecus is another transitional species. He bridges the gap between:
a. Ape and monkey
b. Human and ape
c. Prosimian and monkey
d. Prosimian and primitive mammal
e. None of the above. Aegyptopithecus was actually shown to have been a hoax.
26. Matt Cartmill proposed that primates began as hunters of insects in the undergrowth and low tiers of the forest
canopy. His idea is called:
a. Speciation Specifica
b. Arboreal Hypothesis
c. Visual Predation Hypothesis
d. Punctuated Equilibrium
e. Phyletic Gradualism
27. A nocturnal, wet-nosed primate is most likely:
a. Old World Monkey
b. New World Monkey
c. Lesser Ape
d. Prosimian
e. Great Ape
28. One important factor helping create the binocular or stereoscopic vision of primates is:
a. The two forward-facing eyes.
b. The incomplete cross of the optic nerves found in no other mammal.
c. The decrease in reliance on smell, increasing the size of the optic nerves.
d. A and B
e. All of the above
29. If one were to look solely at humans’ ratio of arm length to leg length, we might be expected to move more like:
a. Gibbons
b. Lemurs
c. Baboons
d. Howler Monkeys
e. Any of the above will do. There is no significance to arm and leg length.
30. As we have learned, primates are a very diverse and widespread group of animals. Which of the following
continents did the animals never colonize at any time in the past 65 million years?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. South America
d. Australia
e. Europe
Please continue on to the True-False section
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Section 2: True/False (20 questions at 2 point each equals 40 points). Mark A for True and B for False
31. “Homologous” describes a structure that has the same embryological or evolutionary origin but a different
function in the two animals being compared.
32. Stereoscopic or binocular vision refers to the ability to see in color.
33. Humans have the most prolonged period of post-natal dependency of all primates.
34. There are no primates with claws; all of them have nothing but nails.
35. The most primitive of all primates are the Old World Monkeys.
36. No prosimians live outside of Africa.
37. The tarsier is a prosimian that seems to share some characteristics with the anthropoids.
38. The 2-1-3-3 dental formula is most associated with one group of New World Monkeys
39. The dental formula of all anthropoid primates is 2-1-2-3.
40. Apes today are limited to Africa and Asia, when found in the wild. Chimpanzees are an example of an Asian ape,
while the Orangutan comes from equatorial Africa.
41. Studying nonhuman primates and their behavior is important because it gives us insight into the probable
behavior of our earliest ancestors, who we will discuss in the final unit of the term.
42. Tarsiers are found only on the island of Madagascar.
43. Orangutans are found in African rainforests and some savannah terrain.
44. A primitive structure is one that has been around for many years and is inherently inferior to derived structures.
45. The washing of sweet potatoes by monkeys on Koshima Island (as seen in the video Life in the Trees) is an
example of cultural behavior because that practice has been taught to succeeding generations.
46. The first person to classify primates as a separate order of mammals was Jane Goodall.
47. We are currently in the Holocene epoch of the Cenozoic era.
48. Primates have never been seen to engage in behaviors one might call “cultural”
49. The bonobo is among the fiercest of all primates with a strictly male-dominated society and ruthless alpha males.
50. Estrus is a hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity that cannot lead to conception – it is an evolutionary
mechanism for creating bonds within the group without producing offspring.
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