Download 8th Science Term 2 Exam 1 Study Guide File

8th Science Term 2 Periodic Exam 1 Study Guide
1. You find two populations of lizards on neighboring islands. They look similar but not
identical. How could you determine if these lizards are two different species or the same species?
2. Define species.
3. What is a mold fossil? How is it formed?
4. What is an imprint fossil? How is it formed? Give an example.
5. What is a cast fossil? How is it formed?
6. What is an evolutionary tree? What does an evolutionary tree tell you?
7. Describe the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution:
8. Describe the gradualism model of evolution:
9. What is embryological development?
10. How does the study of embryological development relate to evolution? Give an example.
11. What are vestigial structures? Give at least 3 examples.
12. What are homologous structures? Give examples:
13. Give examples of mutations that would be a) harmful b) helpful c) have no effect.
14. What do homologous structures tell us about evolution?
15. What are alleles? Give an example.
16. What is a dominant allele? Describe how a dominant allele is expressed into a phenotype.
17. What is a recessive allele? Describe how a recessive allele is expressed into a phenotype.
18. Define variation:
19. What are three types of biological evidence for evolution?
19a. What are two types of genetic evidence for evolution?
20. What are two sources of variation that could affect the color of apples?
21. What was wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis about evolution?
22. What is a scientific theory?
23. What is a mutation?
24. How can a mutation be passed to the next generation?
25. What is extinction?
26. What were the first types of multicellular organisms in the fossil record?
27. Give examples of two vestigial structures that are present in human embryos, but are not
present in humans after being born:
28. What do the early embryos of humans, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish tell us about our
ancestry?
29. What did Darwin notice about tortoises he saw in the Galapagos Islands? What differences
did he see, and how did those differences relate to the different island settings that the tortoises
lived in?
30. What did Darwin notice about finches he saw in the Galapagos Islands? What differences did
he see, and how did those differences relate to the different island settings that the finches lived
in?
31. With regard to the tortoises and finches, what aspect of the environment on different islands
contributed to the differences in body structures that Darwin noticed?
32. What is sickle cell anemia? Is the disease dominant or recessive? Do people heterozygous for
the sickle cell trait have the disease?
33. How does any of this sickle cell information relate to malaria?
34. What are differences between relative dating and radiometric dating?
35. What are factors in the environment that can cause mutations? Give at least three examples.
36. How can mutations be harmful? Give two examples.
37. How can mutations be harmless? Give two examples.
38. How can mutations be helpful? Give two examples.
39. Relate the sickle cell mutation to the answers you gave for questions #36-38.
40. Your book gives at least three examples of environmental causes of variation. Describe them
here:
41. What is a natural cause of mutations?.
42. Define the word “vestigial”.
43. What are three things scientists can learn about evolution by studying the fossil record?
44. What were the first multicellular organisms to appear in the fossil record?
45. Define the word “homologous”.
46. Give two examples from your book of how certain genetic variations might be advantageous
to individual members of a species: