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Unit 1 – 8,000 BCE – 500 BCE SCRIPTED CHART Mesopotamia SOCIAL STRUCTURES Economic, Social Classes Gender Roles, Relations Inequalities Family, Kinship Racial, Ethnic Constructs CULTURE Cultural Intellectual Arts, Architecture Lifestyles, Entertainment Literatures Mesopotamia: Social Classes: 3 social groups: nobles, commoners, slaves Nobles – royal and priestly officials and their families. Commoners – worked for the palace & temple estates as farmers, merchants, fishers, and crafts people. Slaves – palace, building projects, temple, females weave cloth/grind grain. Patriarchal society. Sumer: Epic of Gilgamesh (flood story) Architecture: Invented the dome and arch. Art: woolen textiles, pottery and pottery wheel, metal work. Math & Science: # system based on 60, geometry to measure fields/buildings. Astronomy: charted the heavenly constellations. Ziggurat: massive stepped tower/temple, dedicated to the chief god/goddess. RELIGION Religion World Views Philosophy Secularism, Atheism Ideologies and “isms” Mesopotamia: Beliefs, teachings: believed the god/goddess owned/ruled the city-state. Priests and priestesses supervised the temple property. Polytheistic: 3,000 gods/goddesses. Gloomy afterlife. INTERACTIONS War, Conflict Trade, Commerce Exchanges, Migrations Diplomacy, Alliances Transnational Organizations Sumerians were overthrown by the Akkadians (1st empire, Sargon leader) – land was flat, open to invasion by other groups. Hebrews: monotheistic, direct relationship with God. Mesopotamia: Trade: farming, fishing, and industry. Phoenicians: sea-farers colonized the Mediterranean Sea. POLITICS Nations, nationalism Empires Forms of Government Revolts, Revolutions State-building, expansion Mesopotamia: State structure: city-states, cities surrounded by a wall/defense towers. Leaders: Kings derived their power from the gods & were agents for the gods. Kings had power, led armies, supervised the building of public works, and organized workers for irrigation projects. Babylon: Hammurabi was an Amorite, led the Babylonians; established Hammurabi’s Law Code based on “an eye for an eye”. Hebrews: Moses; Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai. War: Assyrians overran the Kingdom of Israel. TECHNOLOGY Industry Science, Invention, Innovation Power Transportation Communication Sumerians: invented the wheel, sundial, sun-baked bricks, made bronze from tin/copper. Cuneiform (wedge shapes) on clay tablets; used for record keeping, texts were used in schools to train scribes. Hittites: 1st to use iron extensively. Phoenicians; Developed the alphabet; adopted by the Greeks and Romans and improved their ships. ECONOMICS Industrialization Economic Systems Capitalism, Socialism Business Organizations Labor, Labor Organizations Mesopotamia: trade, farming, and industry. Imported copper, tin, timber. Exported dried fish, wool, barley, wheat, metal goods. DEMOGRAPHY Demography, Disease Human/ Environment Interaction Patterns of Settlement Geography, Region Agriculture, Pastoralism Mesopotamia is located in the fertile crescent between the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. Mostly desert, rivers flooded/unpredictable/left fertile silt. Movement: traded with E. Mediterranean to India. Farming could only be done when people controlled the flow of the rivers through irrigation. Lydia: first to coin money Phoenicians traded purple dye, glass, and lumber from Lebanon. Nomads/Hebrews: moved with herds/on the fringe of civilizations. Spread ideas. KEY VOCABULARY Empire: large political unit or state usually under a single leader that controls many people and territories.