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Early River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia WHERE IS MESOPOTAMIA? EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN KINGDOMS • • • • • • On which continent was Mesopotamia located? ___________________; in what is modern day _____________, Syria & Turkey On which rivers did the ancient Mesopotamians settle? Between the ________________________ & __________________________ Rivers; in an area known as the ________________________________ Flooding provide rich _______________ for farming • • • • • Mesopotamia did NOT represent a ________________ kingdom, instead it was a series of kingdoms that occupied a specific geographical space ___________, c. 3500-2300BC Akkad, c. 2300-2200BC Babylonia, c. 1790-1590BC Assyria, c. 1360-620 Neo-Babylonia, c. 629-540BC SUMER, The First Civilization, 3500-2300 BCE • Located at the southern end of Mesopotamia • Near the _________________ of the Tigris & Euphrates Geography • City-state: A ________________ + its ______________________________ lands • _________________________ political units that competed for trade & boundaries • Characteristics: • Same culture, but each had its own ________________, special _____________, and __________________ • • • Religion & Government • • • • Polytheism: The worship of more than _______________________________________ Believed gods were _____________________________& all powerful; humans were to serve gods Ziggurat: centralized temples where _______________________________________________ were made to the gods; Animals, food, wine, etc. City-states were ruled by priest-kings who were viewed as powerful _____________________ of the gods _________________________ – government based on religious authority Despite their religious practices, Sumerians had little, if any, belief in the ________________________ Believed that the souls of the dead went to the “ ____________________________ __________________________” Economy Culture & Knowledge • • • • Economy based on _____________________ and ___________________ Traded with places as far away as Egypt and _____________________ At first used barter only Used barley for _______________, then switched to silver coins • Developed a form of _______________________________________________ known as cuneiform; wedge-shapes scratched into ___________________________ • Invention of the ____________________ (3000 BC) • • • • • • Other notable contributions: System of __________________________ Invention of the ______________________________________ The usage of bronze (copper + tin) Development of a _________________________________ based on 60 Architecture: arches, columns, ramps Society BABYLONIAN EMPIRE, The First System of Justice, 1790-1590 BCE • • • In 1792 BC a new empire took control of Mesopotamia _____________________________________ Reached its height during the reign of King _______________________________ • • • • Hammurabi’s Code: First known ________________________________________ Stressed _____________________ behavior Capital punishment • • • “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” Punishments based on _______________________________________________ Laws focused on ALL aspects of _______________________________ Most Sumerians worked with their hands in fields and workshops Houses were made of _______ brick and __________ Roles of Men/Women: Men could __________ wife/kids into slavery to pay off __________ But women could obtain a ______________ and buy/sell property Scribe Schools: Edubbas; for rich boys only