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Earth Science What earth has that other’s don’t: Cryosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Cryosphere Frozen water on the earth in the form of glaciers, ice caps, polar caps, etc Hydrosphere Water – water vapor, oceans, lakes, streams, ponds, rivers, etc. etc. Geosphere The crust, mantle and core. Weathering and erosion. Atmosphere The thin layer around the earth that allows life to exist. Biosphere Life Makes Earth the only planet teeming with life. No other planet has all five. Are there other planets out there???? GEOSPHERE CRYOSPHERE EARTH IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING Weathering: the breakdown of the surface of the Earth MOON’S SURFACE HAS NOT CHANGED FOR 3 BILLION YRS. Wind Water Freezing Erosion: carrying away of weathered objects. The surface has remained unchanged for eons The features you look at are the same features Galileo first saw through his telescope Some features on the moon as thought to be as old as the moon itself Moon’s Surface The major features of the moon include dark lowlands and bright, densely packed cratered highlands. The entire surface of the moon is covered in a dust called regolith. Lowlands The lowlands also called seas or Marias are areas on the moon that were hit by asteroids. The dark lowlands are areas that have been hit by meteors and have deep craters. These meteors hit hard enough to cause lava to flow out onto the surface. Highlands Highlands make up a majority of the moon’s surface. These are heavily cratered mountainous regions. Some of the highest peaks approach the heights of Mount Everest on Earth. Moon’s Size The circumference of the moon is approximately ¼ of the earth at 3500 km. Origin There are many theories of how the moon became, but the theory that scientists like best is the catastrophic collision hypothesis Because of the small amount of gravity (1/6 that of earth’s) the moon does not have an atmosphere. The crust is composed of material that may be similar to Earth’s crust and mantle. Moon rocks that were brought back with astronauts had a density of 3.3 g/mL which is similar to the densities of the Earth’s mantle and crust. The moon is covered in a thick dust called regolith. The regolith is dust left over from many collisions that have occurred on the moon. Chemical composition of the lunar surface regolith (derived from crustal rocks)[22] Compound Formula silica Composition (wt %) Maria Highlands SiO2 45.4% 45.5% alumina Al2O3 14.9% 24.0% lime CaO 11.8% 15.9% iron(II) oxide FeO 14.1% 5.9% magnesia MgO 9.2% 7.5% titanium dioxide TiO2 3.9% 0.6% sodium oxide Na2O 0.6% 0.6% 99.9% 100.0% Total Moon’s Composition This is a cut out of the moon with its core. What future implications can it have? Use it as a space station for extended space travel What can the moon tell us? With no weathering, the moon is practically like it was when it was formed, this tells us something about the formation of our solar system. Tidal Motion The rhythmic rising and falling of the Earth’s coastlines that happenings daily. Spring Tides-When the Moon, Earth and Sun are all lined up in a row. Neap Tides-When the Sun is perpendicular to the moon and Earth. Elliptical orbit around the Earth. Average distance from Earth = 384,000 km. The moon’s revolution is equal to its orbit. This is why we only see one side of the moon. The only people to see the dark side of the moon was the astronauts. Sidereal – 27.3333 Earth days. Synodic – 29.5 Earth days The actual time it takes the moon to revolve around the Earth. The alignment of the moon, earth and sun takes 29.5 days. This is the time we use for our calendars. Phases of the Moon Because of the earth’s shadow on the moon, the moon has phases. Eclipses - Solar When the moon, earth and sun are aligned so that the moon blocks the sunlight from the earth. Umbra: is the darkest portion of the shadow. Because the moon is so much smaller than earth, only a small portion of earth will experience a solar eclipse at one time on the earth. Penumbra: the periphery or side portion of the shadow. Future Solar Eclipses August 21, 2017 – Total Solar Eclipse for North America. Lunar Eclipses More common than solar eclipses. A lunar eclipse happens when the sun, earth and moon are aligned and the earth is casting it’s shadow on the moon. Lunar Climate No weather, but has a climate Day length is 14 earth days. These days are hot with temps around 125oC (260oF) Nights are cold at -170oC (280oF). This climate helps us to understand what happens to temperatures when there is no atmosphere.