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LESSON 5
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The respiratory system is the most important system to the continuation of life. A
person can only sustain life for 4-6 minutes without breathing. Brain damage may
happen when life sustaining air is cut off for 3 ½ to 4 minutes. Respiration is an
automatic mechanical process from the time of birth until death.
Most of the time respiration is an unconscious act of exchanging oxygen between
the environment around us and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Our
environmental air contains about 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, 0.4
percent carbon dioxide and the rest is made up of microgases. As air enters the
alveoli of the lungs, the oxygen, which has a greater affinity attachment to the red
blood cells than carbon dioxide, replaces the carbon dioxide on the surface of the
red blood cells in the small capillaries of the lung. The exhaled air now has about
16 percent oxygen and 5 percent carbon dioxide.
External respiration is the exchange of oxygen between the outside air and the red
blood cells of the lungs. Internal respiration occurs a short time later. Internal
respiration is the exchange of oxygen in the blood stream’s tiny capillaries and the
cell. In internal respiration, the exchange is the release of carbon dioxide from the
cell and the uptake of oxygen by the cell from the blood stream.
Cellular respiration takes place inside the mitochondria of the cell. Oxygen is
needed in cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide is the waste gas of cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration is a part of the energy cycle, sometimes referred
to as the Kreb cycle, of the body and is used in the manufacture of the chemical of
cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
ANATOMY
Air enters the body through a passageway called the nose or external nares. It
passes through a cavity called the nasal cavity or internal nares. The nose and
nasal cavity are lined with mucous membranes and fine hairlike structures called
cilia. Mucous and cilia trap and help remove or filter dust and pathogens from the
environment. The air is warmed and moistened in the nasal cavity. Surrounding
the nasal cavity are hollow chambers called paranasal sinuses. The sinuses
produce a lubricating mucous and help in the formation of different sounds.
Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity is the pharynx. The pharynx has
three areas: the nasopharynx located directly behind the nose; the oropharynx
located directly behind the mouth; and the laryngopharynx, sometimes called the
hypopharynx, located between the lower jaw and the larynx or voice box and the
esophagus. The pharynx contains lymphatic tissue called adenoids or pharyngeal
tonsils, located in the nasopharynx, and the palatine tonsils, located in the
oropharynx.
The pharynx is a common area for both air and food or drink. To prevent the
passage of food or drink into the larynx and then into the lungs, a cartilage flap
covers the opening (or glottis) into the larynx. This flap of cartilage is called the
epiglottis. When swallowing food or drink, the epiglottis unconsciously closes
over the glottis to prevent entrance of solids or liquids into the larynx. Air passes
through the larynx and enters a 4½ inch tube called the trachea or windpipe. The
trachea is strengthened and kept opened by rings of cartilage and fibrous
connective tissue covering its full length.
The trachea branches into the two tubes called bronchi. The singular bronchus
each divide into several smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of these
separate bronchioles are millions of small air sacs or alveoli. Each one of these
singular alveolus is made up of one layer of epithelial cells. Surrounding the
alveolus are very small one-celled, thick blood vessels called capillaries. The
external respiration process occurs between the alveoli and the very small
capillaries of the lungs.
Oxygen is bound to the red blood cells of the lung’s capillaries by an iron (Fe)
molecule. The whole structure of oxygen, iron, and red blood cells is called the
hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin then carries the oxygen to the cells where
internal respiration removes the oxygen into the cell and allows the waste carbon
dioxide to attach to the hemoglobin and then be removed from the body. Inside
the cell membrane, oxygen is used in a process called cellular respiration and
carbon dioxide is formed as a product of the cellular respiration. Cellular
respiration produces the energy chemicals needed in the biochemical processes of
life.
Surrounding each lung is the double-layered membrane called pleura. The outer
layer is called parietal pleura and the inner layer is called visceral pleura. The
pleura is lubricated by a watery fluid, surfactant, that allows the member to move
freely without friction. The right side of the lung is large and contains three lobes,
while the left side is smaller and contains two lobes. The top or uppermost area of
the lung is called the apex. The lower part of the lung is called the base. The
middle area of the lung is called the hilum or hilus. Blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic fluid enter and exit the lungs in the hilus area.
The muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity is called the diaphragm. The
diaphragm's contractions and relaxation cause the lungs to expand or contract.
When the lungs fill full of air it is called inhalation; as the air escapes from the
lungs it is called exhalation. The movement of the diaphragm is under the control
of the involuntary or autonomic nervous system. However, we can override this,
causing our diaphragm to contract or relax at will.
The Action Suffixes
Many suffixes in medical terminology show actions, surgical procedures, or
processes where medical tools and instruments are used. Some of these are now
included so the student may get to know their action or use when introduced in
this and future lessons:
-ectomy
=
the action of surgically removing body tissue, organs, or
structures.
-otomy
=
the action of surgically cutting into body tissue.
-otome
=
the tool used to surgically cut into body tissue or to remove
body
tissues or structures.
-ostomy
=
the action of surgically making a temporary or artificial
opening into
a cavity or tube.
-opsy
=
the action to view or see body tissue.
-oscopy
=
the action of surgically viewing tissues, organs, structures,
tubes,
vessels, or structures.
-oscope
=
the instrument to view body structures, organs, or tissue.
-graphy
=
the action of medically obtaining pictures, visualizations of a
body
structures, or other indirect viewing methods of body
functions,
structures, organs, or tissues.
-grapy
=
the instrument used to get the picture or other viewing
method of
body function, structures, organs, or tissue.
-gram
=
the actual record or picture (x_ray, EKG, EEG) to be viewed.
-plasty
=
the action of surgically repairing structures, tissues, or organs.
-orraphy
=
the action of surgically suturing (sewing_up) tissues.
-orrhea
=
the action of discharging body fluids, generally refers to
normal
body fluids flowing, except where it is not normal to have
fluids
coming from that body area.
-orrhage
=
the action of bursting forth of body fluids, usually blood is in
the
-metry
size, or
=
discharge and it is usually abnormal or life threatening.
the action or process of measuring of body structures, tissue
-meter
structures,
=
the counting of cells in a defined area.
the instrument used in the measuring or counting of body
-centesis
=
(withdrawing)
cells, or tissues
the action of
surgically
puncturing
and
aspirating
-desis
=
-orrhexis
-pexy
=
=
-tripsy
or other
=
fluid from body cavities.
the action to surgically fuse (fixation) of body structures or
tissues.
the action to wreck, break, destroy, or rupture tissue
the action to surgically fixate, put back into place structures,
organs, tissue
the action of surgically crushing tissue, structures, calcified,
=
stones
the action to surgically control the flow of blood or other
-ostasis
fluids.
-ostat
=
the tool used to surgically control the flow of blood or other
body fluids.
LESSON 5 - GRAPHICS
TERMS FOR LESSON 5:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Organs to Know
Nose
Nasal septum
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx - throat
Tonsils
Adenoids
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
Brochus
Bronchioles
Alveolus
Lungs
Superior lobes
Middle lobe
Inferior lobes
Pleura
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Word Parts to Know - Respiratory
adenoid/o
alveoli/o
bronch/i
bronch/o
bronchiol/o
dialat/o
diaphragmat/o
epiglott/o
glott/o
laryg/o
lob/
lobar/o
nas/o
rhin/o
pharyng/o
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumat/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
sinus/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
atel/o
muc/o
orth/o
ox/o
ox/i
ox/y
py/o
spir/o
uvul/o
Prefixes to Know - Respiratory
andysendointraeupan-
Suffixes to Know - Respiratory
-algia
-ar
-ary
-capnia
-cele
-centesis
-desis
-eal
-ectasis
-emia
-gram
-graphy
-graph
-meter
-metry
-orrhexis
-orrhagia
-ostasis
-ostat
-ostomy
-otomy
-oxia
-pexy
-phonia
-pnea
-scope
-scopy
-spasm
-stenosis
-thorax
-tripsy
Diagnostic Terms to Know - Respiratory
adenoiditis
atelectasis
bronchiectasis
bronchitis
bronchopneumonia
diaphragmatocele
epiglottitis
laryngitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
lower respiratory infection (LRI)
nasopharyngitis
pansinusitis
pharyngitis
pleuritis
pneumatocele
pneumonitis
pneumoconiosis
pneumothorax
pulmonary neoplasm
pyothorax
rhinomycosis
rhinorrhagia
thoracalgia
tonsillitis
tracheitis
tracheostenosis
asthma
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
coccidioidomycosis
cor pulmonale
croup
cystic fibrosis
emphysema
influenza
pertussis
pleural effusion
pulmonary edema
pulmonary embolism
upper respiratory infection (URI)
Surgical Terms to Know - Respiratory
adenoidectomy
bronchoplasty
laryngectomy
laryngocentesis
laryngoplasty
laryngostomy
laryngotrachelotomy
lobectomy
lobarectomy
pleurocentesis
pleuropexy
pneumobronchotomy
pneumonectomy
rhinoplasty
sinusotomy
thoracocentesis
thoracotomy
tonsillectomy
tracheloplasty
trachelostomy
trachelotomy
Diagnostic Procedural Terms to Know - Respiratory
bronchogram
bronchography
bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
laryngoscope
laryngoscopy
lobar pneumonia
oximeter
spirometer
spirometry
Additional Terms to Know - Respiratory
acapnia
adenotome
anoxia
aphonia
apnea
bronchoalveolar
bronchodilator
bronchogenic
bronchospasm
diaphragmatic
dysphonia
dyspnea
endotracheal
eupnea
hypercapnia
hyperpnea
hypoxemia
hypoxia
laryngeal
laryngospasm
mucoid
mucous
orthopnea
nasopharyngeal
rhinorrhea
airway
asphyxia
aspirate
bronchoconstrictor
cough
hiccup
hyperventilation
hypoventilation
mucopurulent
mucus
nebulizer
paroxysm
patent
sputum
ventilator
PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR LESSON 5
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MATCHING:
---- alveoli
---- bronchi
---- larynx
---- lungs
---- pharynx
---- pleura
---- tonsils
---- trachea
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
tube carrying air to lungs
windpipe
located in thoracic cavity
membrane around lungs
behind nasal cavity
food and air passageway
voice box
air sacs
keeps food out of windpipe
MATCHING:
---- algia
----- ar, -ary, -eal
---- capnia
---- cele
---- centesis
---- ectasis
---- emia
---- gram
---- graph
---- graphy
---- meter
---- metry
---- rrhage
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
record
stretching - out
surgical puncture to aspirate
process to measurement
carbon dioxide
pertaining to
hernia
instrument to measure
process of getting the record
rapid flow of blood
blood condition
pain
instrument to process the recording
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
incision
instrument for visual exam
rapid flow
construction, narrow
sound
make artificial opening
involuntary muscle contraction
chest
pertaining to oxygen
breathing
surgical fixation
carbon dioxide
visual exam
MATCHING:
----------------------------------
orrhagia
ostomy
otomy
pexy
phonia
pnea
scope
scopy
spasm
stenosis
thorax
DEFINE:
laryng/o:
bronch/o, bronch/i:
pleur/o:
pneum/o:
tonsill/o:
bronchiol/o:
pulmon/o:
diaphragmat/o:
trache/o:
alveol/o:
pneumon/o:
thorac/o:
adenoid/o:
pharyng/o:
rhin/o:
sinus/o:
lob/o:
epiglott/o:
pneumat/o:
nas/o:
WRITE THE MEDICAL ROOT FOR:
nose
larynx
lung, air
lung
tonsils
trachea
adenoids
bronchiole
pleura
diaphragm
sinus
thorax
alveoli
pharynx
bronchi
lobe
epiglottis
DEFINE:
ox/o
ox/i
ox/y
spir/o
muc/o
atel/o
orth/o
py/o
WRITE THE MEDICAL ROOT:
breathe, breathing
oxygen
imperfect
straight
pus
mucus
DEFINE:
endo
dys
a
an
pan
eu
WRITE PREFIX FOR:
difficult, bad
within
normal good
without
all
DEFINE:
-thorax
-ar, -ary, -eal
-stenosis
-cele
-ostomy
-pexy
-meter
-spasm
-algia
-scopy
-centesis
-otomy
-scope
-orrhagia
-ectasis
-gram
-pnea
-metry
-graphy
-emia
-oxia
-capnia
-phonia
-tripsy
-stasis
DEFINE:
pleuritis
nasopharyngitis
pneumothorax
hemopneumothorax
hemostasis
pansinusitis
atelectasis
rhinomycosis
tracheostenosis
epiglottitis
thoracalgia
pulmonary neoplasm
pulmonary embolism
bronchiectasis
tonsillitis
pneumoconiosis
bronchopneumonia
pneumonitis
laryngitis
lobar pneumonitis
pneumatocele
pyothorax
rhinorrhagia
bronchitis
pharyngitis
tracheitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
adenoiditis
DEFINE:
tracheotomy
laryngostomy
adenoidectomy
rhinoplasty
pleurocentesis
tracheostomy
sinusotomy
laryngoplasty
pneumobronchotomy
bronchoplasty
pneumobronchotomy
bronchoplasty
thoracotomy
laryngectomy
thoracocentesis
tonsillectomy
laryngocentesis
pleuropexy
DEFINE:
spirometer
laryngoscope
bronchogram
spirometry
oximeter
bronchography
laryngoscopy
bronchoscope
laryngeal
eupnea
bronchogenic
mucoid
apnea
hypoxia
laryngospasm
endotracheal
anoxia
dysphonia
bronchoalveolar
dyspnea
hypocapnia
bronchospasm
orthopnea
acapnia
hemostat
hypopnea
hypoxemia
aphonia
rhinorrhea
rhinorrhage
rhinotripsy
adenotome
mucus
nasopharyngeal
diaphragmatic
REVIEW AND DEFINE:
dematogenic
erythrocytometer
melanonychia
mycology
myomalacia
myonecrosis
tonsillomycosis
viscerosomatic
rhinolaryngologist
otorhinolaryngologist
otolaryngologist
laryngologist
pneumologist
respiratory therapist
inhalation therapist
thoracic surgeon
ASSIGNMENT FOR LESSON 5
Medical Terminology, HS 280
Respiratory System
MATCHING
---- 1
alveoli
---- 2
bronchi
---- 3
larynx
---- 4
lungs
---- 5
pharynx
---- 6
pleura
---- 7
tonsils
---- 8
trachea
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
windpipe
keeps food out of windpipe
food and air pathway
membrane covering lungs
voice box
lymphoid tissue behind nasal cavity
between trachea and lungs
located in thoracic cavity
air sacs
MATCH THESE WORD ROOTS - May Be Used More Than Once
---- 9
adenoid/o
a
epiglottis
---- 10
pulmon/o
b
lung
---- 11
pneum/o
c
thorax (chest)
---- 12
pneumat/o
d
nose
---- 13
thorac/o
e
adenoids
---- 14
rhin/o
---- 15
nas/o
---- 16
epiglott/o
DEFINE THESE WORD ROOTS:
17
oxy/oxi/o:
18
spir/o:
19
muc/o:
20
atel/o:
21
orth/o:
22
py/o:
DEFINE THESE PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES:
23
a-, an24
dys25
endo26
eu-
27
panAssignment for Lesson 5, Respiratory, pg. 2
28
29
-algia
-ar, -ary
30
31
32
-capnia
-cele
-centesis
MATCHING
-----------------------------------
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
-algia
-stenosis
-scopy
-cele
-centesis
-ectasis
-emia
-gram
-graphy
-meter
-metry
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
hernia
stretching out
pain
blood condition
record
measurement
narrow condition
instrument used to measure
recording process
visual examination
to aspirate fluid surgically
instrument for drawing fluid
DEFINE:
44
pneumoconiosis
45
rhinorrhagia
46
cystic fibrosis
47
emphysema
48
pertussis
49
pleuropexy
50
thoracotomy
51
hemostasis
52
rhinotripsy
53
rhinorrhexis
54
rhinoplasty
55
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
56
asthma
Assignment for Lesson 5, Respiratory, pg. 3
57
pneumothorax
58
hemopneumothorax
59
rhinorrhea
60
acapnia
61
hypocapnia
62
hypercapnia
63
hypoxia
64
dyspnea
65
apnea