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Chapter 14: The Respiratory System 1. A) B) C) D) Ans: What may respiration include? breathing external respiration internal respiration all of these D 2. A) B) C) D) Ans: What is external respiration? breathing gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid gas exchange between air and blood production of ATP C 3. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is in the correct sequence when tracing the path of air? pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles larynx, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi A 4. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which portion of the respiratory tract is also a passage for food? larynx trachea bronchi pharynx D 5. A) B) C) D) Ans: The __________ contain(s) air sacs. larynx alveoli bronchi trachea B 6. A) B) C) D) Ans: The __________enter(s) the lungs. larynx alveoli bronchi trachea C Page 110 7. A) B) C) D) Ans: The __________ is the voice box. larynx alveoli bronchi trachea A 8. A) B) C) D) Ans: The __________ is a single tube. larynx alveoli bronchi trachea D figure 14.1 9. Which letter in figure 14.1 points to the bronchus? Ans: d 10. Which letter in figure 14.1 points to the epiglottis? Ans: a 11. Which letter in figure 14.1 points to the larynx? Ans: b 12. Which letter in figure 14.1 points to the trachea? Ans: c 13. Which letter in figure 14.1 points to the bronchiole? Ans: e Page 111 14. A) B) C) D) Ans: Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane between the bronchiole and alveoli. alveoli and blood. trachea and bronchi. larynx and pharynx. B 15. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which contain(s) cartilage? larynx trachea bronchi all of these D 16. A) B) C) D) Ans: The epiglottis contains vocal cords. contains cilia. prevents food from entering the air passage. pushes air into the lungs. C 17. A) B) C) D) Ans: The diaphragm is a muscle. the floor of the chest cavity. involved in breathing. all of these. D 18. A) B) Ans: The diaphram contracts during ___________ and relaxes during ___________. expiration, inspiration inspiration, expiration B 19. A) B) C) Ans: Residual volume is air remaining in lungs after very deep breathing. air moved in and out with each breath. maximum volume of air moved in and out during a single breath. A 20. A) B) C) Ans: Vital capacity is air remaining in lungs after very deep breathing. air moved in and out with each breath. maximum volume of air moved in and out during a single breath. C Page 112 21. A) B) C) Ans: Tidal volume is air remaining in lungs after very deep breathing. air moved in and out with each breath. maximum volume of air moved in and out during a single breath. B 22. What causes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli? A) absorption B) diffusion C) secretion D) active transport Ans: B 23. A) B) C) Ans: The concentration of carbon dioxide is __________ in tissues than in arterial blood. higher lower the same in both A 24. A) B) C) D) Ans: During external respiration Hb becomes HbO2. CO2 becomes HCO3-. carbaminohemoglobin forms. Hb becomes HHb. A 25. A) B) C) D) Ans: Hemoglobin assists in the transport of hydrogen ions. carbon dioxide. oxygen. hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. D 26. A) B) C) Ans: How is carbon dioxide transported by the blood? by the red blood cells as bicarbonate ions by the red blood cells and as bicarbonate ions C Page 113 figure 14.2 27. Which letter in figure 14.2 indicates the area of internal respiration? Ans: b 28. Which letter in figure 14.2 indicates the area of external respiration? Ans: a 29. Which letter in figure 14.2 indicates a vessel that has a high concentration of oxygen? Ans: d 30. Which letter in figure 14.2 indicates a vessel that has a high concentration of carbon dioxide? Ans: c 31. A) B) C) D) Ans: Emphysema is a viral infection. is a degenerative disease affecting the respiratory membrane. generally lasts only a short period of time. is described by all of these characteristics. B 32. A) B) C) D) Ans: __________ is a bacterial infection. Pulmonary fibrosis Strep throat Pneumonia Tuberculosis B Page 114 33. A) B) C) D) Ans: __________ is caused by coal dust. Pulmonary fibrosis Strep throat Pneumonia Tuberculosis A 34. A) B) C) D) Ans: __________ is detected by a skin test. Pulmonary fibrosis Strep throat Pneumonia Tuberculosis D 35. A) B) C) D) Ans: __________ is a common complication of AIDS. Pulmonary fibrosis Strep throat Pneumonia Tuberculosis C 36. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which lung infections or disorders are caused by smoking? cancer and emphysema pneumonia and tuberculosis bronchitis and “flu” all of these A 37. A) B) C) Ans: Which is a defense of invading organisms in the respiratory tract? mucus cilia mucus and cilia C 38. Compare internal respiration, external respiration, and cellular respiration. Ans: Internal respiration involves gas exchange between body cells and blood, external respiration involves gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood, and cellular respiration involves the formation of ATP molecules and the release of energy from nutrient molecules. 39. Trace the path of air to the lungs. Ans: Oral or nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli. Page 115 40. Describe the events in ventilation. Ans: Contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. The surfaces of the lungs are stuck to the walls of the cavity by surface tension and they expand. Air rushes in. When the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, the thoracic cavity regains its original volume and the lungs recoil, thereby forcing the air out. 41. How would you explain the relationship of failure to produce surfactant in proper amounts and respiratory difficulty in premature infants? Ans: When the lungs do not produce enough surfactant, the breathing mechanism cannot overcome the surface tension, so the lungs cannot be ventilated. 42. Describe the effects of aging on respiratory fitness. Ans: Inspiration and expiration are not as effective because the rib muscles are weaker and the lungs are less elastic, and therefore, less able to recoil. Gas exchange is also less effective due to changes in the capillaries. 43. Why could a person suffocate while breathing through a long tube? Ans: When we breathe, not all of the inspired air reaches our alveoli. Some of the air fills the conducting airways. These passages are not involved in gas exchange and are said to contain dead space. Breathing through a long tube would increase the amount of dead space, beyond the capacity for inhalation. The new air being pulled into the tube would never reach the alveoli and the alveolar air would never be exhaled. 44. How does diffusion relate to gas exchange? Ans: Gases diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. This accounts for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood, and between the blood and the cells. 45. Write out a formula for the formation of bicarbonate ions from water and carbon dioxide, and explain how hemoglobin and red blood cells are involved in the transport of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions. Ans: H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3Carbon dioxide binds with water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells contain an enzyme that speeds up this reaction. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells binds to the hydrogen ions and carries them, and the bicarbonate ions are carried in the plasma. 46. List the three respiratory volumes that comprise the vital capacity. Ans: Expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume. 47. What is the chloride shift and why is it necessary? Ans: After bicarbonate ions are formed in the cytoplasm of red blood cells, the ions diffuse out into the blood plasma. In response, chloride ions diffuse into the red blood cells in order to maintain the correct balance of electrolytes in the blood. Page 116 48. List and briefly describe four upper respiratory tract infections. Ans: The upper respiratory tract infections described in the text are strep throat, the common cold, influenza, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and laryngitis. Refer to the text for descriptions. 49. Differentiate between residual volume and dead space. Ans: The residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs following a maximal exhalation. Dead space refers to the volume of the conducting airways and does not include lung volume. 50. A) B) C) D) Ans: Eupnea is a bacterial infection. a nonrespiratory pattern. normal quiet breathing. a component of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. B 51. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is not a component of asthma? increased sensitivity to respiratory irritants decreased number of alveoli wheezing smooth muscle spasm in bronchioles B 52. A) B) C) D) Ans: The visceral pleura is a mucous membrane. is attached to the lung's surface. lines the thoracic cavity. All of these choices are correct. B Page 117