Download Unit II 600-1450 - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

Unit III - Review
600-1450
622
750
1054
100
0
100
0
Founding of Tenochtitlan
(Aztecs)
China
Marco Polo visits
1337
Ming Dynasty
1
3
2
5
Kongo Kingdom
Hundred Years’ War
Empire
Rise of Ottoman
Delhi Sultanate
Mali Empire
Swahili Trade Cities
1096
Axum Kingdom
Ghana Kingdom
96
0
Crusades
Dynasty
Song
The hijra
622
The Great Schism
Abbasid Dynasty
Rise of Islam
Tang Dynasty
61
8
1368
A New World of Islam
• The Islamic religion was formed in the
Arabian Peninsula during the 7th century.
• The Bedouins, a nomadic people that
“populated” the Arabian Peninsula,
virtually controlled trade in the desert and
founded Islam in Mecca.
– Mecca was both a trade and a religious center
for both Judaism and Islam.
Muhammad
• Muhammad was a tradesman who
founded the Islamic religion in Mecca.
• Muhammad was very religious and often
found time to meditate. According to
legend, the angel Gabriel told him that he
was a messenger of God.
• Muhammad believed he was the last
prophet of Allah and began to speak of
Islam.
• Muhammad’s flee from Mecca to Yathrib in 622
CE became known as Hijrah, the official
founding date of Islam.
• He renamed Yathrib “Medina” or “city of the
Prophet” and named the community of Muslims
umma.
• The Black Stone in Mecca became known as the
belief in one god.
• Muhammad died in 632 CE known as the “seal
of the prophets” since he was the last one.
The Five Pillars
•
•
•
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Faith - Declaration of Faith is repeated every day
Prayer - Face Mecca and pray five times a day
Alms - Give money to the poor through alms tax
Fasting - During Ramadan they must fast from
sunrise to sundown
• Pilgrimage – Make pilgrimage to Mecca at least
once in a lifetime. Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca,
takes place once a year at Ka’aba.
Islamic Structure
• The government set up was the caliphate
that was ruled by a caliph selected by
umma.
• The Qur’an was the guide of the caliphs.
• Muslim armies, weak Byzantine and
Persian empires, and the good treatment
of those conquered all were factors to the
spread of Islam during the 7th and 8th
centuries.
Sunni-Shi’a Split
• Sunni – Umayyad rule; the caliph should
still be selected by the Muslim community.
Sunni means “the followers of
Muhammad’s example.”
• Shi’a – caliph should be a relative of the
Prophet and rejected Umayyad rule. They
seek the revenge for Ali’s death. Shi’a
means “the party of Ali.”
Society and Women’s Status
• Women had right to property, divorce, and
business. The Qur’an emphasizes equality
but there are reinforced male dominance
beliefs in Islam. Men follow Muhammad’s
example of 4 wives while women may only
have one husband. Women have been
wearing veils since the 13th century B.C.E.
in Mesopotamia; these practices were
adopted by Islam.
Arts, Sciences, and Technology
• Educational institutions were built to help
spread the culture and beliefs of the
Islamic religion. They also promoted the
increase of science and technology.
• When Persia became part of the caliphate,
Muslims adopted their culture, language,
and arts. They also adopted mathematics
and Arabic numerals in India.
Mamluks
• A mamluk was a captured man that became a
soldier who served the Muslim caliphs and
Abbasid sultans in the Middle Ages. They were
the lowest class and were kept under strict
control by their caliph. They often tried to
become powerful military castes to seize power
for themselves but were punished cruelly. They
were very beneficial to the armies because they
knew they must honor their caliph.
Silk Road Trade
• Best known trading route for the ancient Chinese
civilization.
• Trade in silk grew under the Han Dynasty.
• Chan Ch'ien was the first known Chinese
traveler who made contact with Central Asian
tribes.
– Chan Ch’ien expanded the silk trade to include less
tribes, therefore creating alliances with Central Asian
nomads. With his brilliant idea, the Silk Road was
created.
Indian Ocean Trade
• City-states traded with inland kingdoms to obtain
gold, ivory, and iron which were scarce and valuable
items in Asian countries. These items were used for
jewelry, coins, works of art, and ornamentation on
buildings
• Africa played a vital role in world economy even
before European nations.
• City-states were willing to pay high prices for cotton,
silk, and porcelain objects. These items were
expensive because they weren't available in Africa
at the time. These items were a majority of Africa's
imports during the Indian Ocean Trade.
Trans-Sahara
• Trade was associated with Mediterranean
economies that demanded gold in
exchange for salt.
• Trans-Saharan routes went around
Audaghost, expanding and going toward
the Bure goldfield.
• Hindu
– Begins in India with
the migration of
Aryans.
– Development of
Buddhism and Jainism
as alternates to
Hinduism causes
some changes in
Hinduism’s teachings.
• Judaism
– Moved from
Mesopotamia into
Eastern
Mediterranean.
• Exiled by Romans.
• Exiled by Assyrians
– Christianity develops
to Judaism as an
alternative in the
Roman Empire.
• Confucianism
– Practiced in China
• Philosophy spreads to
Korea
– Legalism looks down
on Confucianism.
• Daoism Coexists with
Confucianism.
• Buddhism
– Starts in South Asia
and is spread by
missionaries and
merchants.
– Hinduism changes to
make Buddhism less
appealing.
• Christianity
– Spread by apostles and
disciples.
– First just converts the
spreading of news.
• More formal spread by
Romans.
• Adoption of many pagan
customs.
– Judaism influenced with
their laws, rules, and
beliefs.
– Zoroastrianism influenced
with their belief of good and
evil.
• Islam
– Starts in Arabia
(Mecca and Medina).
• Islam spreads to
Europe and West Africa
in the 900s and Swahili
states in 1100s.
• Muhammad was greatly
influenced by
Christianity and
Judaism.
Mongols
• This group swept through the south and east of
Asia
• They conquered China, India, the Middle East,
and Russia.
• They ruled the largest land-based empire of the
world
• Their attacks often destroyed cities and towns,
but they maintained trade routes.
• Their authority eventually brought peace. (Pax
Mongolica)
Importance cont.
• It spread other cultures throughout the
land
• Improved trade throughout Asia and
eastern Europe
• Paper money, banking, and letters of
credit
• Peace spread throughout the area once
land was conquered.
Rise of Mongolian Power
• The Mongols originated in dry grasslands
in the central part of Asia.
• They raised livestock and were organized
in groups called clans.
• Their spread throughout the land started
as they looked for new pastures for their
herds.
• in 1200 CE, Temujin brought all clans
together under his power.
Rise of Mongolian Power cont.
• He eventually became Genghis Khan, or “universal
leader.”
• After his death, his sons and grandsons took over and
kept his authority streak and conquered the desired area
for the empire.
• Ogodai, Genghis Khan’s son, died and the Mongols
were then stopped in Eurasia.
• Egypt’s army defeated the Mongols and the Mongol
leader, Hulegu, decided not to conquer anymore land.
• The Empire fell mostly because the land was too big to
control and because it was divided.
East Asia Political
Systems and Cultural
Patterns
East Asia Political Systems and
Cultural Patterns
 China
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Influenced areas around it such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Sui dynasty built canal linking northern & southern China
Tang dynasty distributed land to peasants
Invented printing (woodblock printing)
Chinese imperial court set up trade and diplomatic relations with the
states of Southeast Asia
 Rulers unable to prevent plotting against and government corruption
 Female children were considered less desirable than male children
 When married, the girls parents would provide a dowry or gift to her
husband.
 Confucianism
 Was the basis of the state government
 Now called Neo-Confucianism (response to Buddhism and Daoism)
 World is real not an illusion, you must participate in order to enjoy
Tang China
• They had a strong transportation and
communication system:
-advanced road systems
-postal stations
-stables for travelers
-used the roads to send
messages by horse to keep in
contact with the large empire.
Tang China cont.
• The equal-field system:
-Meant to make sure that land distribution was
fair and equal.
-The emperor wanted to control the amount of
land the families had.
A merit-based bureaucracy:
-recruited government officials who were smart,
educated, and loyal to their job.
Song China
• Finances
-expansion of the empire meant that
expenses went up.
-The government then started to raise
taxes making the people of the empire
angry.
• Military:
-China had many invasions, so they
depended on a strong military.
Song China cont.
-The military was eventually overthrown
and Song China was under Mongolian
control.
• Trade routes along the roads of china
made for economic growth.
Japanese vs. European Feudalism
• Similarities
– Mutual ties and obligations
– Valued courage, loyalty, contempt for nonwarriors
Japan
•Feudalistic ties based on one’s word
•Legacy: group consciousness,
collective decision-making teams
Europe
•Feudalistic ties sealed by
negotiated contracts
•Legacy: reliance on
parliamentary institutions where
participants could discuss
concerns about monarch
The Golden Age
• The Tang built road systems, post stations, and
sent messengers to communicate with the rest
of the dynasty. The Grand Canal made it
possible for China to increase trade and
communication.
• Bureaucratic systems were based on merit not
on money or class.
• Increased agriculture production, population,
urbanization, technological innovations, and
financial inventions all were factors of the
flourishing economy during the Golden Age.
Religious Conflicts
• During the Tang and Song Dynasties,
Buddhist and Confucius ideals created much
conflict in government and society.
– Confucianism emphasizes the duty owed to
society, order, and hierarchy.
– Buddhism emphasizes the withdrawal from
society to focus on the individual.
• The emergence of Neo-Confucianism
merged the two religious ideals together to
make a more successful society and political
structure.
The Patriarchal Way of Life
• The dominance of males increased with
the increase of productivity. Women began
to bind their feet to let others know they
were wealthy and did not need to work for
their husbands could work.
• Males continued to dominate most aspects
of society while the women returned to
traditional housework.
The Mongols, Yuan Dynasty,
and the Ming
• Kublai Khan conquered the Song and
established the capital of Beijing and the
Yuan Dynasty.
• Militarism rose as the Yuan Dynasty rose;
merchants status was improved and more
territory was gained.
• The Ming closed all relations with the
Mongols (Yuan), making the Ming
“independent from the world.”
Americas
• Maya
–
–
–
–
City-states
Agriculture basis for life
United by loyalty to king
Complex calendars, math,
astronomy
• Decline
– Conflict between states,
disrupted trade, overfarming
Americas
• Aztec
– United by loyalty to king
– Military conquest
– Human sacrifice
• Inca
– United by loyalty to king
– Major roads connected
empire
– Welfare state cared for
everyone
Decentralization of Europe
• Fall of Rome =
political void
• Germanic tribes
create their own
kingdoms
• Europe divided
• Unsafe to travel
– Decrease in trade and
exports
Division of Christianity
• Shift of power from Rome to Byzantium
– Lack of contact, beliefs differed
• Differences were irreconcilable—1054
schism
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• Roman Catholic Church (west)
• Papacy
– Leader of Catholic Church
Medieval Society
• Feudalism—Political
– Lords/vassals, loyalty for land,
system of gov’t and landholding
• Manors—Economic
– Lord’s estate, self-sufficient,
obligations between serfs and lords
• The Church—Belief System
– Unifying force, power over everyday
lives
• Chivalry—Code of Behavior
– Courage, devotion to feudal and
heavenly lord, respect for women
Arts, Sciences, Technology
• Agricultural
techniques
– More food
– Increased population
• Improvements in
technology led to later
Age of Exploration
• Castles, siege towers
Revival of Cities
• Increased trade, population, crop
production
• Villages became towns
• Expansion of markets
• The church forbade loans, people went to
Jewish moneylenders
Crusades-Late 11th-13th Centuries
• Byzantine emperor calls Pope for
help from Muslim invasions
• European knights to help
• No permanent gains for Christians
• Muslims get Constantinople
(Istanbul)
• Trade with Middle East = new
wealth
– European demand for foreign
products
– Cultural change!
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
•Frankish Empire
•Byzantine Empire
•Charlemagne
•Constantine
•Reunited western Europe
•Holy Roman Empire
•Emperors clashed with popes
•Justinian’s Code
•Systemized Roman law
•Basis of law in western Europe
and United States
Swahili Coast Trades
• Cattle herding,
farming and gold
trade were a major
part of the coast.
Empire of Ghana
• In the 8th century, the Soninke, a farming people,
formed the empire of Ghana.
• The empire was gaining wealth through taxing
traders who went through Ghana.
• Their most important asset was gold from the Niger
River. They traded it for salt from the Sahara.
• Ghana had a good army, so the empire thrived.
• Most of Ghana converted to Islam.
Impact of migrations
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Aztecs (The place of the seven legendary caves)
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Originally named the Mexica
Settled in an unusual place: an island in the middle of a swampland
of Lake Texococo, later built to become Mexico city
Established city of Tenochtitlan, and expanded by conquering
nearby people and using them for tribute
By the middle of the 15th century their territory was almost coast to
coast
Mongols
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Expanded their territory by conquering other people around them
Used brute force to defeat their opponents
Began to move when they needed new pastures for their herds
Also thought that a drought had started the migration
Skilled horsemanship lead to successful migration
Impact of Migrations
 Turks
 Originally Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Middle East
 Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire, sparking migration from Europe
to middle East
 By end of era Ottoman Turks were on the rise
 Captured Constantinople and they gained control of trade on the
Mediterranean
 Vikings
 Vikings swept from Normandy (Europe), to Mediterranean areas
(Russia) during the 8th and 9th centuries
 looting and destroying communities, churches, and monasteries. Some
settled and intermarried with natives, forming new groups such as the
Normans and the Rus (Russians)
Impact of Migrations
 Vikings
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Consequence of their invasions was development of feudalism in
Europe.
The attacks convinced Europeans that protection was vital, and so they
organized into a network of lords and vassals, that eventually built
kingdoms with great armies ready to fight.
 Arabs
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Most significant effect of the Arab movement from the Arabian Peninsula
was the spread of Islam
Invaded, settled, and eventually ruled, the Middle East, northern Africa, and
southern Europe
Political structure of the caliphate did not survive, Islam held the areas
together culturally as it mixed with natively customs and religions.
Despite splits between Sunni and Shi'a, the Islamic World emerged as an
entire cultural area during this era
Migration of Arabs
• During the 11th century, a large amount of Arabs migrated to Africa.
Because of that, the Islamic religion and Arabic traditions dispersed
deeper into Africa.
• Islam also spread towards the Mali, then Songhai empires. Timbuktu
became known for being the center of Islamic scholarships for its
university.
East Asia Political Systems and
Cultural Patterns
 Arts
 Landscape painting reached its high point
 People were insignificant, painted as tiny figures in
boats or wandering up a hill, living in, but not
dominating nature
 Porcelain became very popular
 A ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high
temperatures
 Europe did not find out about this technique until the
eighteenth century
 Japan based their government on the chinese
 Limit power of aristocrats and empower the ruler,
making him look like a divine figure
Causes/Effects of the 14th Century
Plague
• Black Death
• Southwestern China
• Cross-cultural exchangesgoods, ideas, disease
• Mongol military campaigns
• Fleas, merchants, travelers
• Decline in population
– Yuan Dynasty, Mongol
control, ¼ Europe
• Labor shortages
– Trade standstill, deterioration
of towns, social unrest,
rebellions
Growth and Role of Cities
 Africa
 Mali (1200-1500) wealth derives from trade, gold fields
of Niger; strong Muslim political and merchant classes
 Building of Quranic school; Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)
 Swahili Coast; farming, cattle herding, gold trade
 Mosques and churches lead to worship and education
 Islam increases in literacy, first in Arabic;
 Growth of elite classes
 Slave trade across Africa into Middle East, India, China
 Most slaves specialize in service, some slaves become
powerful and wealthy because of their military ability
Growth and Role of Cities
 The Song Empire
 (Capital) Kaifeng, military has over one million men
 iron and steel production rivals eighteenth century
Britain
 experiments with gunpowder; paper money, tax
farming, modern private capitalism
 Movable type leads to spreading of agricultural
techniques, educational resources, public-health
materials (combat malaria and plague);
 women did not have property rights or ability to
remarry and rarely had educational opportunities
Growth and Role of Cities
 The Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)
 Move to islands off the shore of Lake Texcoco; organized by
clan;
 Society based on military conquest
 Take fertile agricultural lands and establish monarchy selected
by council of aristocrats from among all the males of ruling family
 Warrior elite was assigned highest social status
 Lake Texcoco separates fresh water from salt water;
 Great social division based on wealth
 Managed long-distance trade
 Polytheistic, Huitzilopochtli (God) needs constant diet of human
hearts to keep sun shining; worship of sun;
 Sacrifice increases under Aztecs; war captives, criminals,
slaves, people given as tribute
 Rebellion, deviancy, opposition will not be tolerated