Download Chapter 1: An Introduction to Life on Earth

Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Regulation
9.1
How Is the Information in DNA Used in a Cell?
A. Most Genes Contain Information for the Synthesis of a Single Protein
B. RNA Intermediaries Carry the Genetic Information for Protein Synthesis
C. Overview: Genetic Information Is Transcribed into RNA, Then Translated Into Protein (Figure 9-1)
9.2
What Is the Genetic Code?
A. A Sequence of Three Bases Codes for an Amino Acid
9.3
How Is the Information in a Gene Transcribed Into RNA?
A. Transcription Begins When RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter of a Gene (Figure 9-2)
B. Elongation Generates a Growing Strand of DNA (Figure 9-3)
C. Transcription Stops When RNA Polymerase Reaches the Termination Signal
D. Transcription is Selective
9.4
What Are the Functions of RNA?
A. Messenger RNA Carries the Code for a Protein from the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm (Figure 9-4)
B. Ribosomal RNA and Proteins Form Ribosomes
C. Transfer RNA Molecules Carry Amino Acids to the Ribosomes
9.5
How Is the Information in Messenger RNA Translated Into Protein?
A. Translation Begins When tRNA and mRNA Bind to a Ribosome (Figure 9-5)
B. Elongation Generates a Growing Chain of Amino Acids
C. A Stop Codon Signals Termination
D. Summary: Transcription and Translation (Figure 9-6)
9.6
How Do Mutations Affect Gene Function?
A. Mutations May Be Nucleotide Substitutions, Insertions, or Deletions
B. Mutations Affect Proteins in Different Ways
C. Mutations Are the Raw Materials for Evolution
9.7
Are All Genes Expressed?
A. Gene Expression Differs from Cell to Cell Over Time
B. Environmental Cues Influence Gene Expression
9.8
How Is Gene Expression Regulated?
A. Regulatory Proteins That Bind to Promoters Alter the Transcription of Genes
B. Some Regions of Chromosomes Are Condensed and Not Normally Transcribed
C. Entire Chromosomes May Be Inactivated and Not Transcribed