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DPTopic5.1: Evidencefor Evolution Essential Idea: There is overwhelming evidence for the evolution of life on earth WhatisEvolution? Exercise1:indicatewhethereachfollowingstatementistrueorfalse,intermsofhow youthinkbiologistsuseandunderstandtheterm"evolution"today.YOUdoNOThave to AGREE with the statement for it to be "true". Your answers will not affect your grade.Ineverycasebelow,"evolution"means"biologicalevolution". WriteTorFnexttoeachstatement 1. Evolution is as much a fact as the fact that planets go around the Sun. 2. Evolution is something a person should either believe in, or not believe in. 3. Evolution is a process that includes the origin of life. 4. Evolution is primarily concerned with the origin of humans. 5. According to evolution, people came from monkeys a long time ago. 6. Evolution was first proposed and explained by Charles Darwin. 7. Evolution is also known as "Natural Selection". 8. Evolution is something that happened only in the past; it is not happening now. 9. Evolution is something that happens to individual organisms. 10. Evolution is a totally random process, a series of accidents. 11. Evolution was developed as an idea to destroy or undermine religion. 12. In order to accept evolution as a real process, you cannot believe in God. 13. Most major religions in America have officially declared that they have NO conflict with evolution. 14. Evolution simply means “change.” 15. Evolution is only a theory. 16. Evolution is like a chain, with each group of organisms evolving into the next “link” in the chain. 17. There are many transitional fossils, with traits intermediate between different groups, as expected if evolution happened. 18. Fossils reveal many problems that evolution cannot explain. 19. Biological, medical and agricultural research increasingly assumes that evolution occurs. 20. Evolution has been tested and challenged many times, but has always been supported by the results. 21. Big dinosaurs were common during the time of early humans. 22. Evolution involves individuals changing in order to adapt to their environment. 23. According to evolution, new species usually result from major mutations in a single generation. 24. Most of the major groups of animals suddenly appeared in the “Cambrian Explosion.” 25. The formation of complex structures, like the eye, can now be easily explained by evolution. Exercise2:Biologistsdefineevolutionintermsofachangeinthegenesandallelesof groupsofindividualsofthesamespecies.Trytofillintheblanksbelow…. A gene is a (2 words) that influences An allele is an alternative . of a gene. While groups of individuals of the same species can also be referred to as a Based on what you have just written, can you define evolution? Have a go on the lines below: TheEvidenceforEvolution Exercise3:Watchtheclearlystatedvideoandanswerthefollowingquestions Give a textbook definition of evolution Biologists claim that each branch of the evolutionary tree can be traced back to a single shared ancestor. What is the shared ancestor of whales and dolphins thought to be? Evidence for evolution often uses comparison of features. Family members are assumed to share similar features. Describe three features of whales and dolphins which are also shared by land mammals. One particularly striking similarity is the composition of bones in the limbs of whales dolphins and land mammals. Describe the structure of bones in the pentadactyl limb found in all vertebrates. Why is this called a homologous feature? Why does this suggest that all vertebrates share a common ancestor? Sometimes examples of species which are intermediate steps in a gradual process of change between two animals can be found in the fossil record. These species may have become extinct, but even if they haven’t the fossils can show how the animals looked many years ago. This can provide further evidence of the accumulation of gradual changes in the heritable characteristics of a species. Describe the features of Basilosaurid whales which provide evidence to link modern land mammals to modern whales and dolphins. Describe how a long line of fossils showing gradual changes in body anatomy from ancient ‘walking whales’ to modern day whales supports the theory of evolution, as a ‘cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a species’. DNA comparisons can also provide evidence about how closely related two species are. An accumulation of changes in observable heritable features must link to changes in the DNA. Evidence for changes in characteristics in modern animals also provides strong evidence for the mechanism of evolution. There are many breeds of domesticated animals from cattle to dogs which illustrate this nicely. Describe what happens in the selective breeding of farm animals, giving one example. Explain how this example supports the theory of evolution. Name four lines of evidence for evolution and for each one explain how the evidence supports the idea that species have evolved. Pentadactyllimb Comparethestructureofthepentadactyllimbofmammalsbelow.Howisitadapted ineachgrouptothefunctionoflocomotion? Speciation Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution Speciation is the formation of a new species by the splitting of an existing one. It requires the following: 1. Isolation of populations 2. Changes in the alleles that each population has Evidencefromcontinuousvariation Many species show geographic variation across their populations. The populations are recognizably different but not to the extent that they are clearly separate species. One example of this is Lagopus lagopus What does the existence of continuous variation across the geographic range of a species tell us about evolution? PepperedMothSimulation Objective: Simulate changes in moth population due to pollution and predation, and observe how species can change over time. Introduction: Charles Darwin accumulated a tremendous collection of facts to support the theory of evolution by natural selection. One of his difficulties in demonstrating the theory, however, was the lack of an example of evolution over a short period of time, which could be observed as it was taking place in nature. Although Darwin was unaware of it, remarkable examples of evolution, which might have helped to persuade people of his theory, were in the countryside of his native England. One such example is the evolution of the peppered moth Biston betularia. The economic changes known as the industrial revolution began in the middle of the eighteenth century. Since then, tons of soot have been deposited on the country side around industrial areas. The soot discoloured and generally darkened the surfaces of trees and rocks. In 1848, a dark-coloured moth was first recorded. Today, in some areas, 90% or more of the-peppered moths are dark in colour. More than 70 species of moth in England have undergone a change from light to dark. Similar observations have been made in other industrial nations, including the United States. Instructions: Click the link below to read more information on Kettlewell's study of moths. At the end, you will run two simulations for 5 minutes each, during this time you will play the part of a bluejay that eats moths. After 5 minutes record the % of dark moths and light moths - you will need this information later. Peppered Moth Simulation at peppermoths.weebly.com Data and Analysis Read the background information and answer the questions as you go. Life Cycle of the Peppered Moth 1. Why are these moths called "peppered moths?" 2. What animals eat the peppered moth? 3. What is a lichen? 4. What do the larvae of the moth eat? 5. How do peppered moths spend the winter? 6. Moths that have more dark spots than the average moth are called what? Impact of Pollution 7. Where was the virst black form of the moth found? 8. What was the Industrial Revolution? 9. What was causing the different colors in the moths? 10. What is natural selection? 11. Who suggested that peppered moths were an example of natural selection? 12. What is industrial melanism? Kettlewell's Experiments 13. What is an entomologist? 14. How do scientists test theories? 15. Write down ONE of Kettlewell's predictions. 16. Dark moths were found in what parts of the country? 17. How did Kettlewell directly study the moths? 18. Why did dark moths have a survival advantage? 19. When Kettlewell recaptured the marked moths, what did he find? 20. Where did Kettlewell publish his findings? Birdseye View 21. Open the simulation and play the role of the bird in both the dark and the light forest. Try to behave as a bird would behave, choosing the moths that are the most obvious. At the end of each simulation, record the percent of moths captured in the table below. Final Analysis 22. Explain how the color of the moths increases or decreases their chances of survival. 23. Explain the concept of "natural selection" using your moths as an example. 24. What would happen if there were no predators in the forest? Would the colors of the moths change over time? Defend your answer? Core Biology guide Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity 12 hours Essential idea: There is overwhelming evidence for the evolution of life on Earth. 5.1 Evidence for evolution Nature of science: Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies—there are common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs despite their varied use. (3.1) Understandings: Theory of knowledge: t Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change. t t The fossil record provides evidence for evolution. t Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution. t Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function. t Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution. t Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence. Applications and skills: t Application: Development of melanistic insects in polluted areas. t Application: Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles with different methods of locomotion. Evolutionary history is an especially challenging area of science because experiments cannot be performed to establish past events or their causes. There are nonetheless scientific methods of establishing beyond reasonable doubt what happened in some cases. How do these methods compare to those used by historians to reconstruct the past? Utilization: Syllabus and cross-curricular links: Physics Topic 7.1 Discrete energy and radioactivity Geography Part 1.3 Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability/Biodiversity and change Environmental systems and societies Topic 4 Biodiversity in ecosystems 67