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Announcement • Concert report due Thursday • Quiz next Tuesday 4/29 • Begins with Impressionism • Covers everything through today • Multiple choice questions, no listening (until final exam) Review questions • Who were some important musicians in New Orleans jazz? • Who were some important figures in big band jazz? • What is bebop? Who is associated with it? West Side Story • Finale from Act I • Love duet • Listen for..Ensemble technique similar to opera: different characters are expressing contrasting emotions and singing in different styles. World Beat • Popular music from other parts of the world • Folk music • Fusions of indigenous and western musics (called SYNCRETIC) The Chieftains • Traditional Irish band • Here playing on traditional instruments: Celtic harp, wooden flute, tin whistle, Villeann (small bagpipe) fiddle, drum. The Chieftains • The Winds that Shakes the Barley • LG 73 • Reel • Moderate-speed dance • Two contrasting sections, A and B, alternate • What meter is it in? Ladysmith Black Mambazo • South African music • Style orginated among Zulu mine workers or mbube • Group spread South African sound to the rest of the workd-cultural ambassadors Ladysmith Black Mambazo • Listening guide 74 • Call-and-response singing • Sung in Sulu and English • Anti-racist message Trends in 20th-c. art music • Great diversity... • Sometimes a greater organization… • Serialism applied to rhythm, dynamics, timbre • Other composers went for greater freedom… Trends in 20th-c. art music • Experimentation with new sounds • International influences • Expanding definitions of “music.” Olivier Messiaen • French composer (1908-1991) • Interests: • Roman Catholicism, mysticism • Bird songs • Gregorian chant • Non-western music (India, Indonesia) • Associated sounds with colors Quartet for the End of Time • Listening Guide 75 • Written in a German prison camp • Chamber music for Clarinet, cello, violin, piano • Program music inspired by the book of Revelations (about the end of time). Quartet for the End of Time • Second movement: Vocalise, for the Angel who announces the end of Time. • Messiaen’s description: First and last sections evoke the power of the angel • Middle section: blue-organge chords in piano, violin and piano like plainchant Quartet for the End of Time • Meter is obscure, evoking the concept of the end of time. • What other ways does this music suggest the end of time? Pierre Boulez • French composer and conductor • b. 1925 • Took serialism to a new level: applied to pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre • Very tight, mathematical constructions that are inaudible to the listener Le Marteau sans maitre • “The Hammer without a Master.” • Listening guide 76 • For voice and an Interesting set of instruments: alto flute, viola, guitar, vibraphone, xylophone, percussion • Expanded vocal techniques Le Marteau sans maitre • Construction of the piece was a riddle • Every element is controlled by mathematical principles • Based on surrealist poetry by René Char Aleatoric music • Music based on principle of randomness • also called “indeterminacy” • Elements of the music are deliberately left to chance and/or to the performers Aleatoric music • Example: Music of Changes, by John Cage-music is made by throwing the I Ching-three Chinese coins • What is music? • Does aleatoric music challenge our ideas about w hat music is ? More on John Cage • American Experimental composer • (1912-1992) • Experimented with PREPARED PIANO • Objects are inserted into the piano strings to produce new, percussive sounds More on John Cage • 4 ’ 33 ’ ’ • All sound is music • Audience to listen to sounds around them for 4’33’’ • Is this music?
