Download A. Shield volcanoes

English for Developing
Teaching Science
Course code: 1002408
Number of credits 3 (2-2-5)
Category of the course : Specific course (compulsory)
Dr. WORRAWAT PROMDEN
Program of General Science, Faculty of Education,
Buriram Rajabhat University ,
Lesson 3
English for Specific Purposes:
Earth Science
Earth science (also known as geoscience,
the geosciences or the Earth sciences) is
an all-embracing term for the sciences
related
the planet Earth.
Fields of to
study
The following fields of science are generally categorized
within the geosciences:
• Geology
• Physical geography
• Geophysics
• Soil science
• Oceanography and hydrology
• Glaciology
• Atmospheric sciences
Earth's spheres
Earth science generally recognizes four
spheres, the atmosphere, the lithosphere, the
hydrosphere, and the biosphere; these correspond
to air, rocks, water, and life, respectively.
NASA. Photo taken by either
Harrison Schmitt or Ron Evans (of
the Apollo 17 crew).
The Earth seen from Apollo 17
Atmosphere
Earth's atmospheric gases scatter blue light more
than other wavelengths, giving the Earth a blue
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halo when seen from space.
 Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains
approximately 80% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and
aerosols.
The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 9 km (30,000
ft) at the poles and 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator. The average depth of the
troposphere is approximately 17 km (11 mi) in the middle latitudes,with some
variation due to weather.
 The temperature of the troposphere
generally decreases as altitude increases.
 Temperatures decrease at middle latitudes
from an average of 15°C at sea level to
about -55°C at the top of the tropopause.
Tropopause
The tropopause is the atmospheric boundary betwe
and the stratosphere. Most commercial aircraft are
lower stratosphere, just above the tropopause, whe
usually absent, as also are significant weather pertu
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a
rocky planet. On Earth, it comprises the crust and
the portion of the upper mantle that behaves
elastically on time scales of thousands of years or
greater.
Depth (Km)
100
500
700
3000
5000
6300
Crust
Continental CrustOceanic Crust
5-10Km
5-70 Km
Lithosphere
Upper mantle
(Rigid)
Transition zone
(highly plastic)
Asthenosph
ere
Mantle 2600(mildly plastic) Mesosphere
Km
Outer core 2200 Km
(Molten)
Inner core 1200 Km
(Solid)
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Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere in physical geography describes the combined mass
of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, which
is about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass. About 20 × 1018tonnes of this is
in the Earth's atmosphere (the volume of one tonne of water is
approximately 1 cubic meter). Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface,
an area of some 361 million square kilometers (139.5 million square miles),
is covered by ocean. The average salinity of the Earth's oceans is about 35
grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5%)
Biosphere
The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on Earth, a closed (apart from solar and cosmic
radiation), and self-regulating system. From the broadest biophysiological
point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all
living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the
elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is
postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or
biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
Plate tectonics
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Plate Tectonic Theory
Types of plate boundaries
Diverge
Transform fault
Converge
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Transform boundaries
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Three types of plate
boundary.
Convergent Plate Boundary or
Destructive Plate Boundary
1. Oceanic-Continental convergence
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Subduction of the Nazca Plate
beneath the South American
Plate to form the Andes.
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Subduction of the Nazca Plate
beneath the South American
Plate to form the Andes.
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Convergent Plate Boundary or
Destructive Plate Boundary
2. Oceanic-Oceanic convergence
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Oceanic - Oceanic
Convergent
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The Mariana Arc and the Mariana Trench,
where the Pacific Plate is subducting under
the Phillipine Plate.
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The Mariana Trench
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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Convergent Plate Boundary or
Destructive Plate Boundary
3. Continental-Continental convergence
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The collision between the Eurasian
Plate and the Indian Plate that is
forming the Himalayas
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The collision between the Eurasian
Plate and the Indian Plate that is
forming the Himalayas
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Divergent Plate Boundary
1. Continental – continental
divergence
2. Oceanic - Oceanic divergence
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Lake Malawi lies in a
valley formed by the
opening of the East
African Rift, where
the African tectonic
plate is being split
into two pieces. This
is called a divergent
plate
tectonics
boundary.
Lake
Malawi
is
Lake Malawi seen from orbitbetween 560 and
Lake Malawi in Africa, photographed
580 kilometres long,
by astronauts aboard the Space
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The Red Sea Rift is a spreading center
between two tectonic plates, the African Plate
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The average spreading rate for the ridge is
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Transform fault or transform boundary
or conservative plate boundary)
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North American
Plate
The San Andreas
Fault is a
continental
runs a length of
miles (1,300 km)
California in the
The fault's motion is
lateral strike-slip
motion). It forms the
boundary between
Plate and the North
Plate.
Pacific Plate
General Geology 4052101
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Transform fault
General Geology
4052101
Dr. WORRAWAT
The San Andreas
Fault on the Carrizo
Plain in southern
California
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Volcano
Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of
Alaska photographed from the International
Author
: ISS Crew
Earth Observations
experiment and the Image Science &
Space
Station,
May 2006.
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Volcanic activity
Volcanoes can be described in terms of activity :
 still active and erupt frequently
 dormant (temporarily inactive but not fully extinct)
 extinct (never likely to erupt again)
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Structure of Volcano
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Structure of Volcano
A volcano constitutes a vent, a pipe, a crater, and a
cone.
 The vent is an opening at the Earth's surface.
 The pipe is a passageway in the volcano in which
the magma rises through to the surface during an
eruption.
 The crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top
of the volcano where volcanic materials like, ash,
lava, and other pyroclastic materials are released.
 Solidified lava, ashes, and cinder form the cone.
Layers of lava, alternate with layers of ash to build
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=pyroclastic flow#x0y5505
Pyroclastic Flows
A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of hot steam,
ash, rock and dust.
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http://www.volcanodiscovery.com
Lava Flows
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Volcanic features
1. Stratovolcanoes or Composite Volcanoes
2. Shield Volcanoes
3. Tephra Cones or Cinder Cones or Scoria
cone
4. Craters and Calderas
A. Shield volcanoes
B. Composite Cones
 slope < 15o
 andesitic lava/pyroclastic
 basalt
debris
 Ex. Hawaii, Galapagos,  steep near summit,
gentler sides
C. Cinder cones
o slopes
most violent
 angle of repose; 30o - 40
 Arizona
Ex. Fuji, Andes, Mt. St.
 Ex. cinder cone, northern
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 Ex. Mount Capulin, NE NewHelens
Mexico
1. Stratovolcanoes or Composite Cone
Volcano
Lava
Ash
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_r
ev3.shtml
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• They are usually found at subduction zone,
forming chains along plate tectonic
boundaries where oceanic crust is drawn
under continental crust or another oceanic
plate.
• The eruptions from these volcanoes may be a
pyroclastic flow rather than a lava flow. A
pyroclastic flow is a mixture of hot steam, ash,
rock and dust.
General Geology
4052101
Dr. WORRAWAT
Characteristics of a Stratovolcanoes
•(composite)
Compositevolcano
volcanoes are made up of
alternating layers of lava and ash (other
volcanoes just consist of lava).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolc
ano
Stratovolcanoes (composite
volcanos) are
common at subduction zones
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Two famous stratovolcanoes are
• Krakatoa, best known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883 and
• Vesuvius, famous for its destruction of the towns Pompeii and
Herculaneum in 79 A.D.
An early 19th century illustration of
Krakatau. The volcano exploded in
1883,
killing 36,000 people
.
Eruption of Vesuvius in 1630
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Volcanic activity at
Anak Krakatau, 2008
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius
A Map showing the cities and towns affected by the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in 79 AD. Pompeii and other cities affected by the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of
ash and cinder.
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The casts of the corpses
of a group of human
victim of the 79 AD
eruption of the Vesuvius,
found in the so-called
“Garden of the fugitives”
in Pompeii.
Photo taken by Lancevortex, 30 Jan, 2000
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A Cast of a dog dead in the 79 AD eruption
Author : Claus Ableiter
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富士山 Fuji-san
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General Geology
4052101
Dr. WORRAWAT
Mount St. Helens, Washington
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General Geology
4052101
Dr. WORRAWAT
Mount St. Helens, Washington
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General Geology
4052101
Dr. WORRAWAT
2. Shield Volcano
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Mauna Loa is one
of five volcanoes
the
Island
of
U.S.
state
of
Pacific Ocean, and
largest on Earth in
volume and area
is an active shield
with a volume
approximately
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loa57
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)
Kohala volcano as seen from Mauna Kea
The location of Kohala
relative to the other
volcanoes
Shield volcano, Hotspot volcano
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Ke
a
A view of the Mauna Kea volcano of Hawaii
from the ocean
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3. Tephra Cones or Cinder Cone or Scoria
cone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_co
ne
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical
hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates
around and downwind from a volcanic vent
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capulin_Volcano_Na
tional_Monument
Capulin Mountain, Capulin Volcano National
Monument,
New
Mexico.
U.S. Geological
Survey
Photographic
Library
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4. เครเตอร ์และแคลดีรา (Craters and
Calderas)
A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually
formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic
eruption. They are sometimes confused with
volcanic craters.
The central
cone group of
Aso consists of
five peaks: Mt.
Neko, Mt.
Taka,
Mt. Naka, Mt.
Eboshi, and
Mt. Kishima.
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The Aso caldera in Japan
The steaming crater of Mt. Naka
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阿蘇山 Aso-san
Mount Aso is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest
in the world. Aso has one of the largest calderas in the world (25 km northsouth and 18 km east-west). The caldera has a circumference of around 120
km (75 mi),
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Kome Zuka (Scoria cone) lies in the vast Aso caldera
米塚
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http://www.yado.co.jp/kankou/kumamoto/aso/komezuka/komezuka.htm
晩秋の米塚
[ばんしゅうのこめづか]
Late autumn of Kome zuka
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http://www.nps.gov/features/yell/tours/fountainpaint/hotspot_yell.htm
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The Yellowstone caldera is
the largest volcanic
system in North America
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Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake) is the result
of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes are measured using observations from
seismometers.
seismometers
Zhang Heng, as Chinese
astronomer, mathematician,
geographer,
cartographer,
statesman
and
literary
first seismoscope of world
http://jeff560.tripod.com/stamps.html
State Post Bureau of the People's Republic of China
Seismoscope,
Han Dynasty,
132 AD
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http://www.stampcommunity.org/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=21044&w
The replica of Ancient Chinese Seismoscope
http://granitestudio.org/2008/03/01/thehistorical-record-for-march-1-2008-zhanghengs-seismometer/
Chinese
scientists and
historians
successfully
built a working
replica of
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http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/3
Chinese earthquake detector,
64754/enlarge
artwork
V900/0161 Rights Managed
Credit: GARY HINCKS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer
Kinemetrics seismograph
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www.edinformatics.com
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http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1300/magnitude.html
The diagram below
demonstrates how to
use Richter's original
method to measure a
seismogram for a
magnitude estimate in
Southern California
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The Richter
magnitude scale is
any of a number of
ways to assign a
single number to
quantify the energy
contained in an
earthquake
http://www.gg.uwyo.edu/
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Haiyuan Earthquake
The disaster happened in the year 1920. According to
Richter Magnitude Scale, the earthquake had a magnitude
of 7.8, but then China claimed that it was 8.5. Whatever
was the correct magnitude, it sure did kill thousands of
people. Total casualty was reported as 200,000 in a
summary published by the United States Geological
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Haiy
uan_earthquake
Survey (USGS).
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